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State of Energy Policy 2026 Executive summary
…compared with 11% in 2010. Disruptions resulting from the conflict in the Middle East have prompted the use of these emergency measures, including the collective action decision of 11 March 2026, which made 400 million barrels of oil from IEA emergency reserves available to the market. The current disruption has also triggered announcements of new and strengthened emergency storage capacity, notably in Indonesia and Viet Nam, as well as exceptional demand-restraint measures, including energy conservation campaigns, work‑from‑home policies and fuel rationing.Decades of policy efforts have diversified countries’ energy mixes and suppliers and improved efficiency. Fuel diversification efforts, also rooted in the energy...
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World Energy Outlook 2022 An updated roadmap to Net Zero Emissions by 2050
…in coal demand even as renewables capacity additions scaled record heights. Recent investment in fossil fuel infrastructure not included in our 2021 NZE Scenario would result in 25 Gt of emissions if run to the end of its lifetime (around 5% of the remaining carbon budget for 1.5 °C).Despite these mostly discouraging developments, the pathway detailed in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (NZE) Scenario remains narrow but still achievable. This update to the NZE Scenario offers a comprehensive account of how policymakers and others could respond coherently to the challenges of climate change, energy affordability and energy security. Between…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for electricity
…2050 (NZE) Scenario.Recently, coal use in the electricity sector has seen an uptick in many countries in response to strong demand, high natural gas prices and energy security concerns, but this is expected to be temporary. Even in the STEPS, unabated coal falls from 36% of generation in 2021 to 26% in 2030 and 12% in 2050, reflecting renewables growth, led by solar PV and wind. In the APS, pledges including net zero emissions targets in 83 countries and the European Union, are met on time and in full. This accelerates clean energy transitions. Renewables in electricity generation rise…
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World Energy Investment 2025 China
…in the case of solar PV, even to fall back slightly.China’s evolving macroeconomic priorities have long shaped its approach to energy investment. While China met its 5% GDP growth target in 2024, the economy faced mounting pressures from weak domestic consumption, deflationary risks and a deepening real estate crisis. Against this backdrop, energy security and reliability have become even more critical. After years of expanding energy supply, focus has shifted to ensuring this capacity is used effectively and stable enough to meet new and evolving demand while sustaining industrial competitiveness. These priorities have materialised in two major investment…
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Ireland
…electricity generation by 2030, but now their implementation needs to accelerate. Natural gas will remain an important part of the energy mix at least until the mid-2030s, especially to meet peak electricity demand, but offshore renewable energy will become the cornerstone of Ireland’s energy transition beyond 2030. Given Ireland’s current exclusive reliance on energy imports from the United Kingdom, energy security is a major concern to the government while transitioning to a (variable) renewables-based energy system and advancing the electrification of the heating and transport sectors to meet the ambitious climate targets to 2030 and beyond.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Biogas and biomethane outlook to 2050
…in the STEPs and around 40% in the APS. Nevertheless, liquid and gaseous fuels still meet 50% of total final energy consumption in the STEPS and 40% in the APS, creating opportunities for the use of low-emissions fuels in sectors unable to electrify. The share of biogases in total gaseous fuel demand grows from 1% in 2023 to around 5% by 2050 in the STEPS and 10% in the APS. In the power sector, capacity of biogas plants increases from 11 GW in 2023 to 20 GW in 2035. Use of biomethane in the power sector triples by 2035…
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Energy Efficiency 2024 What is required to scale up energy efficiency investments by 2030?
…should develop comprehensive investment strategies tailored to their unique circumstances In the NZE Scenario, investment in end uses such as more efficient buildings, transportation and industry triples from around USD 650 billion per year today to about USD 1.9 trillion per year by 2030. The IEA highlights in its Taking Stock to Taking Action report how a comprehensive approach to energy efficiency action is the most effective way to accelerate progress, with an array of available diverse measures tailored to each country’s specific circumstances. In emerging economies, where many people are getting access to new modern accommodation and appliances for the…
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Vehicle-to-grid technology
…and demand becomes increasingly complex and costly.EVs offer substantial demand side flexibility via smart charging. Beyond this, vehicle‑to‑grid (V2G) technology enables EVs to provide grid‑stabilisation services through bidirectional power flow. Realising this potential, however, requires widespread deployment of V2G‑compatible vehicles and chargers, multiparty interoperable communication protocols, as well as supportive testing regimes, regulatory frameworks, and financial incentives.Through controlled charging and discharging, EV batteries become flexible assets for energy storage rather than mere loads to the grid. There are varying degrees of flexibility. With unidirectional smart charging (V1G), the charging power can be modulated to align electricity demand with…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Current Policies Scenario (CPS)
…energy system will unfold. Nor should it be interpreted as a “business-as-usual” scenario. There are several parts of the energy system today where innovative technologies are already being deployed at scale, underpinned by robust economics and mature, existing policy frameworks. In these areas, business-as-usual would imply continuing the current process of change. However, in the CPS, we assume that potential constraints, whether due to insufficient infrastructure, a lack of institutional capacity or financing, or the absence of continued policy support, slow the uptake of these new technologies.The CPS sees higher levels of total energy demand…
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Coal 2025 Demand
…a new record. The increase of around 40 Mt compared with 2024 is very similar to the forecast we made last year. While there were some unusual regional trends, they had the effect of cancelling each other out. The United States posted the largest absolute gain of about 37 Mt, supported by policy measures and higher gas prices. In the European Union (EU) the decline in coal demand slowed, mostly due to wind droughts in the first half of the year. And although India has been the engine of growth in recent years, in 2025 its coal demand has been falling.Meanwhile, China’s…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
