-
Standards B.E. 2566 for controlling air emissions from power plants
Thailand updated its air pollutant emissions standards in 2023, with applicable norms depending on the age of the installation and its fuel.Air emission standards for new power plants are as follows: Coal: SO2 limit to 260 mg / m3 // NOx to 180 mg / m3 // PM to 50 mg / m3 // Hg to 0.03 mg / m3Gasoline: SO2 limit to 50 mg / m3 // NOx to 130 mg / m3 // PM to 30 mg / m3 Natural gas: SO2 limit to 15 mg / m3 // NOx to 80 mg / m3 // PM to 20 mg / m3 Biomass: SO2 limit to 30 mg / m3 // NOx to 200 mg / m3 // PM…
-
Switzerland
Switzerland has notably decoupled economic growth from energy use despite strong population growth. This trend should continue, and the energy efficiency first principle should be reflected in all climate and energy legislation. Reaching the 2050 net zero emissions target and addressing the growing winter electricity gap between demand and production requires an unprecedented volume of additional renewable generation capacity, especially wind and hydro. For this, the country needs to shorten the complex and extended administrative and legal permitting process. This will also help advancing investments in grid infrastructure to prepare for more decentralised and variable generation. Switzerland should also align…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
-
+ 5 pages
![Switzerland Flag]()
-
Austria 2026
Energy Policy Review Government action plays a pivotal role in ensuring secure and sustainable energy transitions. Energy policy is critical not just for the energy sector but also for meeting environmental, economic and social goals. Governments need to respond to their country’s specific needs, adapt to regional contexts and help address global challenges. In this context, the International Energy Agency (IEA) conducts Energy Policy Reviews to support governments in developing more impactful energy and climate policies.This Energy Policy Review was prepared in partnership between the Government of Austria and the IEA. It draws on the IEA’s extensive…
-
The next wave of LED lighting: Smarter, circular and more efficient
lighting commentary The first LED revolution reduced energy use worldwide – and a second wave of deployment is now taking shape As the world enters the Age of Electricity, lighting remains one of the most visible – and widespread – parts of our energy use.The IEA estimates that lighting in buildings and outdoor applications accounts for the majority of overall lighting electricity demand. In 2024, around 8% of global electricity demand – or about 2 200 terawatt hours (TWh) – was attributed to lighting in buildings and outdoor applications, excluding industry and agriculture. These figures reflect the latest available data and define the scope…
-
Carbon-Free Electricity in G20 Countries
Status and the way forward In 2024, the Republic of Korea proposed the Carbon-Free Energy (CFE) Initiative to promote the use of technology-neutral, carbon-free energy to decarbonise the energy sector.In line with this initiative, Korea’s Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) commissioned this report to analyse the status and prospects of carbon-free energy in the electricity sector in G20 countries, and to provide policy recommendations to advance its progress.The International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Korea Energy Economics Institute (KEEi) jointly produced this report.
-
China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case 7. Palembang waste-to-energy plant
Project overview and impact Indonesia faces a dual challenge of rapidly growing waste volumes and persistent electricity supply constraints. The country generates around 65 million tonnes of waste annually, yet only about 20% is formally treated, and most cities rely heavily on landfills. In 2017, the government designated 12 priority cities for accelerated waste-to-energy (WTE) development, including Palembang, and introduced preferential feed-in tariffs and guaranteed waste-tipping fees to attract private investment. Despite this, only two WTE plants, Surabaya’s Benowo PLTSa and Surakarta’s Putri Cempo PLTSa, both on Java island, were operational before 2024, highlighting…
-
The Future of Electricity in the Middle East and North Africa
Electricity demand in the MENA region This study analyses electricity demand in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and its evolution to 2035. MENA has long been a cornerstone of global energy supply. But the region is fast becoming a central character in the story of global energy demand, particularly that of electricity use. Rapid population growth, urbanisation, and rising temperatures are driving up electricity demand. Since 2000, MENA has become one of the top contributors to global electricity demand growth. The region’s climate, characterised by extreme heat and water scarcity, implies that reliable and resilient electricity…
-
Uzbekistan
Despite being energy self-sufficient thanks to its gas sector, Uzbekistan's ageing infrastructure struggles to meet growing domestic demand. Losses, overuse and financing remain problematic. Wide-ranging reforms focused on improving and diversification the energy sector are being introduced and the government has adopted the Strategy of Actions 2017-2021, which prioritizes improving energy efficiency and increasing generating capacity and use of renewables. Uzbekistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
-
+ 5 pages
![Uzbekistan Flag]()
-
Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Trade
Global coal trade reached an all-time high in 2024 Global coal trade reached a new all-time high in 2024, with total volumes estimated to be 1.55 Bt, surpassing the 1.5 Bt mark for the first time. Thermal coal trade rose by 28 Mt to reach 1 180 Mt. This growth was primarily driven by strong import demand in Asia, especially from China. The country experienced growth in imports, with coal imports reaching new highs. Imports increased by 14% up to 548 Mt, resulting in total annual imports surpassing 500 Mt for the first time. This volume is more than…
-
Nuclear Power
A new era for nuclear energy beckons as projects, policies and investments increase
As the world’s second-largest source of low-emissions electricity after hydropower, nuclear power today produces just under 10% of global electricity supply. Now, fresh momentum around the world has the potential to open a new era for nuclear energy.
Power generation from the global fleet of nearly 420 active nuclear reactors is set to reach a record high in 2025 as Japan restarts production, maintenance works are completed in France, and new reactors begin commercial operations in various markets, including China, Europe, India and Korea…
