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Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan’s hydro-rich energy sector is characterised by aging infrastructure and significant losses, which are exacerbated by a combination of weather-related shocks and growing demand. Energy policy aims to improve energy security by developing indigenous energy sources and rehabilitating and expanding transmission and distribution networks. Developing sustainable energy and improving energy efficiency are also priorities, while slowly removing subsidies will allow for further investment and expansion of domestic resources. Kyrgyzstan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, which is focused on evidence-based policymaking in the energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Tajikistan
Hydropower is the main source of energy in Tajikistan, followed by imported oil, gas and coal. However, Tajikistan's energy sector is prone to supply shocks, due to seasonal shortages. Energy policy focuses on providing uninterrupted energy access to all users while improving regional co‑operation and energy sector efficiency, but significant domestic and foreign investment will be necessary for continued energy sector development. Tajikistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for energy demand
…PV and wind, gain the most ground of any energy source this decade, accounting for 43% of electricity generation worldwide in 2030, up from 28% today. Oil demand rises 0.8% per year to 2030, but peaks soon after at around 103 million barrels per day as electric vehicles (EVs) and efficiency gains undermine its prospects.The tone for accelerated clean energy development this decade in advanced economies is being set by new policy packages and government plans and targets, notably those set out in: Inflation Reduction Act (United States); RePowerEU plan and Fit for 55 package (European Union); Climate Change…
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Korea
Korea has set a target of reaching carbon neutrality by 2050 by substantially increasing the share of renewable energy sources, gradually phasing out coal, significantly improving energy efficiency and fostering the country’s nascent hydrogen industry. Korea’s energy sector is characterised by a dominance of fossil fuels, a strong dependence on energy imports and one of the highest shares of industrial energy use among IEA countries. Korea aims to leverage the fourth industrial revolution for its energy transition and to foster green growth by means of low-carbon technologies and clean energy. Due to Korea’s high share of…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Brazil 2025 Policy recommendations for Brazil
…Integrate electricity into the portfolio of options for clean cooking access for families. Investment and financing 6. Pursue the intended establishment of a carbon pricing instrument to orient investment while using revenues to mitigate adverse impacts on low-income groups and maintain competitiveness. 7. Establish a national investment fund to direct a fixed share of the government oil revenues to finance the energy transition, including plans to move up the value chain in new industries. End-use sectors 8. Implement mandatory energy audits for companies above a certain level of energy consumption to support the implementation of energy efficiency measures…
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Mozambique 2024
Energy Policy Review Government action plays a pivotal role in ensuring secure and sustainable energy transitions. Energy policy is critical not just for the energy sector but also for meeting environmental, economic and social goals. Governments need to respond to their country’s specific needs, adapt to regional contexts and help address global challenges. In this context, the International Energy Agency (IEA) conducts Energy Policy Reviews to support governments in developing more impactful energy and climate policies.This Energy Policy Review was prepared in partnership between the Government of Mozambique and the IEA. It draws on the IEA’s extensive…
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Oil 2025 Executive summary
…start unwinding oil production curbs in May 2025 is resetting oil supply trajectories over our 2024-30 forecast period. The anticipated output increase from OPEC+ and the impact of higher tariffs on trade pushed oil prices to four-year lows in April and early May. As a result, oil executives are recalibrating investment plans. However, oil prices have since rebounded after an exchange of air strikes between Israel and Iran started on 13 June 2025. With geopolitical and economic uncertainties affecting oil producers and consumers alike, oil supply security remains high on the international energy policy agenda. Oil markets are…
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Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Impact analysis of the two largest LNG import regions
…the continent’s security of supply.Finally, beyond access to varied supply sources and sizeable underground gas storage capacity, Europe’s – and more specifically the European Union’s and the wider Energy Community’s – gas market is underpinned by an important regulatory framework. The framework provides visibility and predictability to the rules dictating trade in natural gas. Successive regulatory packages have enshrined principles of fair competition and market access, ensuring efficient use of the continent’s extensive import and transmission infrastructure. Above all, this regulatory framework acts as a foundation for discussions around the European Union’s security of gas…
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Carbon-Free Electricity in G20 Countries
Status and the way forward In 2024, the Republic of Korea proposed the Carbon-Free Energy (CFE) Initiative to promote the use of technology-neutral, carbon-free energy to decarbonise the energy sector.In line with this initiative, Korea’s Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) commissioned this report to analyse the status and prospects of carbon-free energy in the electricity sector in G20 countries, and to provide policy recommendations to advance its progress.The International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Korea Energy Economics Institute (KEEi) jointly produced this report.
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Global Energy Review 2026
Global Energy Review 2026 This edition of the Global Energy Review provides the first full assessment of trends across the entire energy sector in 2025, with data for all fuels and technologies, all regions and major countries, and energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.The report covers estimates of energy demand by region and by source and fuel in 2025; developments in electricity demand and supply; deployment of selected energy technologies; and estimates of energy-related CO2 emissions. The report also assesses trends in energy intensity and analyses the impact of factors, such as weather effects, on energy demand and…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
