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Portugal 2026 Executive summary
…IEA Member countries. Portugal is entering a mid‑transition that requires managing two interconnected energy systems that are moving in opposite directions: one is based on renewables and electrification and must scale up rapidly; the other is a legacy fossil fuel system that must decline in an orderly way to avoid stranded assets and price shocks. Electricity is becoming the central pillar of energy security and the main driver of emissions reductions.Portugal has established an ambitious direction for its energy transition through a series of strategic policy documents centred on the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP). The NECP sets…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2026 Executive summary
…translate shared objectives into actions, how they incorporate appropriate priorities for international collaboration, and how they can be strengthened to better support near-term implementation across the energy system.Overall, the plans largely demonstrate a strong alignment with key levers for international collaboration that can address the challenges facing each sector. For example, hydrogen, steel, cement and concrete, and fertilisers are all sectors where strong international signals for investment are important for market growth for clean energy options. The related plans appropriately identify aggregated demand creation and standards interoperability as priority levers for international collaboration. In the road transport sector…
- Executive summary
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
- Steel
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Czechia 2025 Executive summary
…heating. Coal-fired plants are slated for retirement by 2033, but economic drivers may close them earlier. This would be an extraordinary transformation of Czechia’s energy system. The transition from its fossil fuel legacy can be a springboard to building a vibrant clean energy economy. But it is not without challenges, such as addressing local impacts in coal-dependent regions, accelerating the deployment of alternative sources of energy, managing workforce transitions and gaining public acceptance. There is no time to waste: decisions taken in the coming years will be pivotal to determining the success of the phase-out. This…
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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap The hydrogen opportunity
…be located abroad, and 80% are related to constructing renewables rather than electrolysis. Focusing on electrification would therefore provide most potential job opportunities.Producing 2.5 Mtpa of hydrogen requires an investment of USD 85-90 billion for renewables and electrolysis. This is equivalent to 50% of the national gross domestic product in 2024 and 45-65% higher than the investment needed to reconstruct the entire energy system after the war. If this investment is funded with a cost of capital of 15%, interest payments could reach USD 165-175 billion (in nominal terms) over the entire lifetime of the assets. Introduction This chapter…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Current Policies Scenario
…for a much more electrified energy system does not gain broad momentum in the CPS. Solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind are cost competitive in many regions, but deployment faces integration challenges that slow further growth: annual solar PV capacity additions average 540 gigawatts to 2035, similar to the level in 2024. Coal remains the largest single source of global power generation for the next ten years. Construction of new nuclear facilities accelerates in the 2030s. Global electricity grids increase by 25 million kilometres (km), a 30% increase, to 2035, and by a further 40 million km to 2050. Annual global energy-related CO2 emissions rise slightly…
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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap Taking stock of the effect of war
…2022. These wider macroeconomic risks will undoubtedly affect hydrogen projects.The cost of reconstruction in the energy sector has been previously estimated at USD 68 billion (40% of 2024 GDP), a fraction of the nearly USD 0.5 trillion required for reconstruction. Public debt reached nearly 100% of GDP at the end of 2024, with 80% in foreign currency. Ukraine is expected to have a fiscal deficit until at least 2033, and external finance will be needed. Foreign grants and development finance may be a source of public support for hydrogen projects, but will face competing needs for restoration elsewhere in the energy system…
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Outlook for electric mobility
…GEVO-25) are limited to 2030 in the STEPS. As the IEA highlighted in its 2024 edition of Energy Technology Perspectives, energy, industrial and trade policies are increasingly interwoven and there are challenges and trade-offs between these key areas of public policy. The way these interactions play out for electric mobility over the longer term will therefore be assessed holistically in the context of the scenarios of the entire global energy system that the IEA will develop later in the year using its Global Energy and Climate Model (GEC-M). Key uncertainties for EV markets for the medium-term…
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Cement
Cement
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Building long-term resilience
A panel discussion exploring how governments can move from shielding households and businesses in the short term to strengthening energy systems to withstand future shocks and uncertainties.
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Thematic session: Energy efficiency supporting remote and rural communities
…affordability, energy security and competitiveness. Rising energy prices and supply disruptions have increased the urgency to reduce demand and strengthen resilience. The 11th Annual Global Conference on Energy Efficiency will bring together global leaders to accelerate action, while ensuring benefits reach all regions and communities.Remote and rural communities face particular challenges due to geographic, economic and infrastructural constraints that can limit access to affordable and reliable energy. Energy efficiency can help reduce costs, strengthen resilience and improve access to reliable energy services.Across the globe, governments are already advancing impactful initiatives, including energy-efficient retrofits, decentralised energy systems, utility…