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Heating
…global energy demand, both in buildings and in industry, and is an important component of energy expenditure for households, especially in colder climates. Many households use natural gas to warm their homes, provide hot water and to cook. Residential and commercial gas demand dropped by more than 15% in 2022 compared to the year before. While 40% of the decline in residential and commercial demand in Europe can be attributed to weather-related factors (reduced space heating needs due to a mild winter), a substantial part was achieved through various gas-saving measures.
The IEA’s Outlooks for gas markets…
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Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis
…on government budgets. Market responses varied but governments were quick to react as the challenges of security of supply became apparent. Post-crisis, markets must continue to adapt as the effects of the crisis continue to influence security of gas supply. Taking stock of this new situation and how to approach it will be key to improving security of gas supply and enhancing the collective resilience to potential future natural gas market shocks. This report aims to do just that, highlighting five key gas market lessons learned from the crisis and their role in shaping a more secure energy future.
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State of Energy Policy 2026
…s report brings an extensive examination of energy security policies to the period 1973-2025, from oil and natural gas to clean energy technology supply chains and critical minerals. It also spotlights the policy momentum around energy access, most particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, taking stock of the policy progress since the IEA Summit on Clean Cooking in Africa in 2024.The State of Energy Policy series draw on the Global Energy Policies Hub, which tracks more than 6 500 measures across 84 countries and more than 200 policy types, and the Climate Pledges Explorer, exploring last climate commitments made for more than…
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Oil Market Report - February 2026
…At the time of writing, Dated was trading around $73/bbl, with oil markets on tenterhooks about uncertain developments in the Persian Gulf. Off balance Benchmark crude oil prices surged by $10/bbl over January as a number of supply outages tightened physical crude markets and geopolitical tensions rose between Iran and the United States. While prices gave back a few dollars at the start of February on reports of progress in ongoing negotiations to de-escalate the tensions, they quickly reversed course after the United States advised ships to steer clear of Iranian waters when navigating the Strait of…
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Financing Electricity Access in Africa Pathway to universal access
…strengthened risk management by developers and risk-mitigation tools to support more private investment, and a more targeted use of concessional funds.Around 45% of households currently without access are connected via the grid under the ACCESS scenario, with financial support for households to reduce connection fees and increased community engagement to improve take-up rates once the grid arrives. However, decentralised solutions remain essential, especially for rural areas. Integrated energy planning and improved tendering approaches can help design impactful interventions, streamline processes, and thus unlock further capital.Private finance accounts for roughly 45% of spending under the ACCESS scenario…
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Demand- and Supply-Side Measures for the Industry Transition
Policy brief As governments look to scale up lead markets for near-zero and low-emissions steel and cement, targeted policy measures can help overcome commercialisation barriers, capture emerging market opportunities and support broader government objectives. This policy brief explores a variety of possible policy instruments to stimulate demand and supply of such industrial materials, providing options that governments could adopt and adapt as part of their industrial policy framework – tailored to their unique circumstances to enhance effectiveness – along with practical next steps towards implementation.
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Solar PV
…is added annually through the end of this decade. Even so, low costs, faster permitting and broad social acceptance are set to continue to drive the accelerating adoption of solar PV. As a result, capacity is set to more than double between 2025 and 2030 compared with the 2019 to 2024 period.
A growing share of variable renewable sources such as solar also comes with challenges. Curtailment levels and instances of negative electricity prices have been increasing in many markets. A rapid increase in power system flexibility and grid investment is necessary to integrate future growth securely and cost-effectively.
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Household Energy Affordability
Energy is one of the top expenses for millions of households, making energy affordability an important policy concern for governments. The impacts of the global energy crisis on consumer prices have been significantly felt in household budgets. Despite coming down from their peak in 2022, prices remain elevated compared to pre-crisis levels and households continue to grapple with higher living costs.This report sets out to identify key trends that are shaping the state of energy affordability around the world today. It explores how system drivers and household energy consumption influence the makeup of energy bills and opens a…
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Energy Efficiency
…Preliminary estimates indicate that several key economies, such as India and China, are showing some indications of stronger progress compared with their average since 2019.
The rate of global improvement in energy efficiency has been largely lacklustre since 2019, averaging around 1.3% annually. That’s down significantly from the average of around 2% per year between 2010 and 2019 – and well short of the goal of 4% by 2030 that was set at COP28 in Dubai in 2023, where nearly 200 governments agreed to work together to double the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements by 2030.
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Biofuels
Country and regional highlights
The United States Inflation Reduction Act makes USD 9.4 billion available for biofuels
Energy
Biofuel demand increased by 6% in 2022, continuing the recent pace of growth
Technology deployment
Biofuel production technology needs to diversify to sustainably take advantage of existing waste and residue feedstocks
Innovation
Technologies that can convert woody feedstocks into biofuels need to be proven at scale in the next few years
Supporting infrastructure
Policy