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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Hydrogen
State of the transition Emissions Hydrogen production today is associated with emissions of almost 1 300 Mt CO2 equivalent (CO2-eq) and there has been no progress in reducing them – in contrast, emissions have edged up in recent years.However, the increase in global production (which neared 100 Mt in 2024) has kept the global average emissions intensity of hydrogen production almost constant over the past 5 years. Costs Renewable and low-carbon hydrogen remains more expensive than hydrogen from unabated fossil fuels.The cost gap has increased recently due to slower-than-expected deployment, inflation and the fall in fossil fuel prices.Electrolyser…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Colombia 2023 Executive summary
Colombia has emerged as a leader in clean energy transition policy making and is an inspiring example of a fossil fuel producing country committed to climate action, based on a long-term decarbonisation pathway and a policy of energy and economic diversification and a just transition.In the context of the National Energy Plan 2020-2050, launched in 2016, Colombia started a journey to diversify its energy resources and ensure a reliable energy supply by promoting wind, solar and geothermal in the country’s electricity mix.At COP26, Colombia presented a net zero target and an ambitious Nationally Determined Contribution…
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Pledges to Progress 2025 Summary of results
The Turning Pledges into Progress framework contains a total of 25 metrics in three categories: 1) target setting (“Targets”), 2) strategies for implementation (“Strategies”), and 3) disclosure and reporting (“Disclosure”). Target setting comprises six metrics related to emissions reductions and investment in clean energy. All the signatories to the Oil and Gas Decarbonization Charter (OGDC) are assumed to have the aim of achieving these targets. Strategies for implementation comprise eight metrics that describe steps companies can take to achieve these targets; and disclosure and reporting comprises 11 metrics allowing stakeholders to assess how companies publicly report information relevant to achieving the OGDC goals…
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Electricity 2026 Executive summary
Electricity demand is set to grow strongly through 2030 as the Age of Electricity takes hold Global electricity demand is forecast to increase at a brisk average annual rate of 3.6% over the 2026-2030 forecast period, supported by rising consumption from industry, electric vehicles, air conditioning and data centres. Worldwide electricity demand grew by 3% year-on-year in 2025. This followed growth of 4.4% in 2024, when intense heat waves and strong industrial activity in many regions boosted electricity use. Looking ahead, annual demand growth over the next five years is set to be 50% higher…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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+ 4 pages
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Gaining an Edge Opportunities in efficiency markets
As market demand grows, the manufacturing of energy efficiency technologies represents a new opportunity Facing volatile energy prices, rising energy security risks and stricter regulations, all sectors are turning to energy efficiency technologies to reduce consumption and manage these growing challenges. At the same time, governments around the world committed at COP28 in Dubai in 2023 to work collectively to double the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements.These dynamics have triggered a strong increase in demand for energy efficiency technologies. For example, the market for electric vehicles (EVs) and batteries has grown nearly six-fold from 2020…
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Electricity 2026 Demand
The Age of Electricity has arrived, underpinned by strong demand growth As the Age of Electricity moves apace, demand is on a solid upward trajectory in our five-year forecast period from 2026 to 2030. Amid robust growth, the next five years will add on average 50% more electricity demand per year than over the past decade. The brisk pace will be supported by growing industries, electric vehicles, space cooling, and data centres, among many other end uses. Electricity consumption is now projected to grow at least 2.5 times faster than overall energy demand, hastening the world’s transition…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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+ 4 pages
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Global Energy Review 2026 Technology: Solar PV and wind
In 2025, global annual renewable capacity additions increased by 16%, reaching 800 GW despite challenges linked to supply chain strains, grid connection delays, financial pressures and policy shifts. This marked the 23rd consecutive year that renewables set new expansion records. Solar PV accounted for more than three-quarters of new renewable capacity additions worldwide, followed by wind (20%). The remaining share was made up by hydropower, bioenergy, geothermal, concentrating solar power and marine energy. Solar PV capacity additions in 2025 rose by around 12%, surpassing 600 GW for the first time. This expansion brought cumulative solar PV capacity to around…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Renewables 2021 Biofuels
Forecast summary Global demand for biofuels is set to grow by 41 billion litres, or 28%, over 2021-2026 in the main case. The recovery to pre-Covid-19 demand levels accounts for one-fifth of this demand growth. Government policies are the principal driver of the remaining expansion, but other factors such as overall transport fuel demand, costs and specific policy design influence where growth occurs and which fuels grow quickest. The combination of these influences pushes Asian biofuel production past that of Europe during the forecast period. Policies in the United States and Europe help demand for renewable…
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Energy and AI Understanding the energy-AI nexus
Artificial intelligence (AI) has a long history, dating back to at least the 1950s. Over time, it has seen a series of alternating periods of optimism and pessimism (so-called “AI winters”). In recent years, however, AI has been dramatically boosted by several developments and breakthroughs in techniques, costs and technology that have led to the rise of AI in its modern form that we are familiar with today, in particular generative AI. These developments include the massive increase in computing power and decline in cost due to exponential improvements in computing hardware performance; the exponential increase in the availability…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE)
The International Energy Agency (IEA) was asked by the COP26 Presidency in 2021 to give an indication of what achieving the 1.5 °C goal would mean for the energy sector. Responding to this request, the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE Scenario) was developed. It represents a global pathway towards the goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C, but not the only possible one. The IEA has always been clear that there are various paths to reach this objective and that each country will have its own route. Since 2021, the IEA has updated its NZE Scenario each year…
