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Key Questions on Energy and AI Executive summary
The AI and energy nexus continues to evolve rapidly The largest technology companies are contributing to a surge in data centre investment, as their capital expenditure exceeded USD 400 billion in 2025 – and is expected to jump by another 75% in 2026. Capital expenditure of just five technology companies is now larger than global investment in oil and natural gas production. Many jurisdictions are seeing project pipelines accelerate dramatically, although not all projects will come to fruition. Those that are moving forward are doing so at pace: the IEA’s unique satellite-based tracking shows that “artificial intelligence (AI) factories…
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Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Impact analysis of the two largest LNG import regions
…on-year decline in European gas demand came from the residential and commercial sector, reflecting the impacts not only of a high-price environment but also of milder weather, notably in the fourth quarter of 2022 and 2023. Warm temper atures persisted through the autumn months across much of the continent, delaying the start to seasonal heating needs. As the winter progressed, gas demand for space heating broadly remained below previous-year levels.While weather-related factors are estimated to have accounted for up to about 40% of the decline in distribution-level gas demand, fuel switching and behavioural s...
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Financing Electricity Access in Africa State of play
…in the form of low-cost debt, with a notable shift away from grants in recent years. New initiatives, including the World Bank and African Development Bank’s Mission 300, aim to increase the level of public capital for access projects, and are already showing momentum.Allocations to electricity access in African governments’ national budgets reached USD 1.9 billion in 2025 – around a third of total energy budget allocations. Much of this financing is channelled through government agencies and state-owned utilities. However, utilities across the region face financial pressures due to high operational costs, low tariffs and collection…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Policy mechanisms for diversified mineral supplies
…energy minerals are highly concentrated, creating strong incentives for policymakers to build more secure and resilient supply chains through greater diversification. This concentration is often underpinned by network efforts, lower costs, and, in many cases, by relatively energy- and emissions-intensive processes. Capital expenditures for mining and refining in regions outside the dominant player are typically 50% higher than those within the top producing country. These producers also often face higher all-in sustaining costs, making it difficult to remain profitable during commodity downturns. These cost pressures, combined with ongoing price volatility and economic uncertainty, have constrained the growth of…
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Global Energy Review 2025 Global trends
…the power sector made up three-fifths of the total increase in global energy demand. Renewables accounted for the largest share of the growth in total energy supply (38%), followed by natural gas (28%), coal (15%), oil (11%) and nuclear (8%). The energy intensity of the global economy improved by a mere 1%, continuing the slowdown seen in recent years. The rise in energy-related CO2 emissions slowed to 0.8%, compared with 1.2% in 2023. The global economy saw moderate growth in 2024 After the upheaval of the Covid-19 pandemic and the subsequent global economic recovery…
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Trends in heavy-duty electric vehicles
Electric bus and truck sales The electric bus market continued to expand, backed by increasingly favourable economics Electric bus sales grew by 30% in 2024Global sales of electric buses reached more than 70 000 in 2024, driven by renewed growth in China. Sales outside of China increased by just 5% in 2024, although they have almost tripled compared to 2020. As electric bus sales have increased in a range of countries, China’s share of global sales has fallen from around 99% in 2017 to less than 70% in 2024. Although electric bus sales in China generally declined from 2017 to…
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Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Sustainable transport in Armenia
…are about 380 CNG filling stations across Armenia, all of which are privately owned. Since 2015, there has been a significant increase in the use of liquid petroleum gas (LPG), which is more affordable than petrol. Armenia has made substantial progress in transport electrification. Its 782-km railway network (operated by South Caucasus Railway, a subsidiary of Russian Railways) is fully electrified at 3 kV DC. Armenia’s rail network is largely domestic, however, with international connections extremely limited. Rail links were severed with neighbouring countries – with the exception of Georgia – in the early 1990s.Aviation fuel demand is current...
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Energy System Resilience Executive summary
Ensuring the resilience of energy systems – or their capacity to prepare for disruptions, withstand shocks while maintaining operations, and rapidly restore service – plays a key role in managing many of today’s emerging security risks, from weather disruptions to geopolitical tensions. Energy security encompasses both long-term adequacy through infrastructure investment and diverse supply sources, and short-term resilience for events beyond standard planning conditions. While countries face different threats – from extreme and severe weather to cyberattacks and infrastructure failures – a common challenge is to design adaptable systems that can respond rapidly, isolate affected components, and restore supply services swiftly…
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Overview
…2024 levels In the first half of 2025, global coal demand is estimated to have decreased slightly, by less than 1%, amid fluctuating trends across different regions. In China, weaker electricity demand growth and a surge in power output from renewables caused a decline in coal power generation. The small decline in China’s overall coal demand came despite growth in some sectors like chemicals. In India, expansion of wind and solar and an early monsoon resulting in stronger electricity generation from hydropower, and weaker electricity demand growth in the first half of 2025, pushed coal power generation – and overall…
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Global Methane Tracker 2026 Recent insights from methane emissions studies
…Overall, detection limits have been optimised, coverage has broadened and observation times have increased. Meanwhile, advances in data processing have enhanced both the speed and the quality of analysis.These advances yield better coverage and sharper insights into the sources and scale of methane emissions. They also confirm that effective methane management requires multi-scale measurement frameworks that combine space-based, airborne and ground-based data, explicitly account for "super-emitters” and rely on dynamic inventories that can be updated as new observations emerge. This section offers selected examples of recent progress in the field that illustrate how these approaches…
