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Energy Efficiency 2025 Transport
…How and where is energy used? Total final consumption in 2024 was over 450 EJ and has grown by around 25 EJ since 2019. Transport accounts for around 30% of global energy demand and have contributed around 10% of the growth in total demand since 2019. Road transport accounts for nearly 90% of total domestic energy demand. The remaining 10% is split between domestic aviation, domestic shipping and rail.In advanced economies, passenger cars dominate road transport demand, accounting for around 65% of the transport energy use. Trucks make up most of the remainder. Buses play a minor role in energy demand…
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Gas Market Report, Q1-2026 Executive summary
The unfolding LNG wave is expected to drive stronger gas demand growth in 2026 2025 was a transitional year for natural gas markets. While supply fundamentals remained tight in the first half of the year, strong LNG production growth gradually eased market conditions starting from July. Following a relatively strong increase in 2024, global gas demand growth slowed markedly in 2025 due to a combination of weaker industrial activity and relatively high spot LNG prices in the first half of the year. Market opening reforms continued to gather pace in Asia while the European Union reached a historic decision to…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Demand
Global hydrogen demand grew almost 3% in 2025 to surpass 100 Mt, concentrated in traditional uses in industry and refining. The impacts of the conflict in the Middle East render the near-term outlook for current hydrogen applications uncertain, particularly for fertiliser production and trade.Demand for low-emissions hydrogen grew by 20% in 2025, reaching close to 1 Mt. However, sluggish and uncertain policy implementation is failing to address the major barriers to adoption and preventing faster uptake.New offtake agreements for low-emissions hydrogen reached 1.7 Mtpa in 2025, as in 2024. One-fifth of all new agreements were firm…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2026 Executive summary
…key areas of the global climate and energy system through an approach that enables countries to collaborate without requiring universal consensus. The period leading up to the next Global Stocktake concluding in 2028 – when countries assess collective progress towards the Paris Agreement goals – represents a critical window to drive efforts across sectors and places a premium on delivery-oriented collaboration. Many opportunities for collaboration exist, but plans for implementation remain unclear The collaboration landscape spans hundreds of initiatives, platforms and coalitions, involving governments, businesses and civil society. This reflects broad recognition that many energy system challenges cannot be addressed through…
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- Hydrogen
- Road transport
- Steel
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Energy Efficiency 2025 Industry
…However, as the sector is characterised by long-life assets, policies targeting these industries are often part of wider long-term decarbonisation efforts rather than energy efficiency alone.In less energy-intensive industries, there are many economically feasible and readily available technologies and methods to improve efficiency in the short term. Efficiency improvements come, for example, from more efficient motors, which account for a large part of the sector’s electricity consumption. Furthermore, a large part of energy demand is used for heat production, and much of this required heat falls within low-temperature ranges (up to 200°C), which could…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Production highlights
Highlights Hydrogen production reached almost 100 Mt in 2024, but less than 1% was based on low-emissions hydrogen technologies. Based on announced projects, low-emissions hydrogen could reach 37 Mtpa by 2030, a reduction from the 49 Mtpa estimated in the Global Hydrogen Review 2024 (GHR-24).More projects are reaching final investment decision (FID), although the total production capacity reaching this stage in 2024 remained at the same level as in 2023. Persisting technical and regulatory barriers, financial obstacles and challenges in securing reliable offtake, in particular, continue to delay and occasionally completely stall project progress.Despite announced delays and cancellations…
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Portugal 2026 Policy recommendations for Portugal
…This approach would also help sequence actions in electricity, buildings, transport and industry; support targeted measures where progress is lagging; and build shared ownership of the transition.A well-defined roadmap would provide the predictability required for investment, help avoid bottlenecks in supply chains and workforce skills, and ensure that Portugal’s 2030 and 2045 goals remain achievable. This effort could build on the ongoing revision of the Roadmap for Carbon Neutrality 2050, led by the Portuguese Climate Agency, which offers an opportunity to integrate sectoral pathways under a coherent national framework.2. Ensure a fair and effective energy transition…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Buildings
…final energy consumption globally and more than half of electricity consumption. Doubling the global annual energy intensity improvement by 2030 would require buildings to become more efficient rapidly. An integrated policy approach combining regulation, information and incentives is the most effective way to achieve this goal. Regulatory standards such as building energy codes are among the most effective policies to not only boost energy performance and reduce emissions, but also to improve occupants' health, comfort and productivity – while enhancing climate resilience and mitigating energy price fluctuations. Buildings built after a code is introduced can use up to 50% less energy…
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Energy and AI AI for energy optimisation and innovation
…the desired goals of AI’s application in the energy sector – such as cost reductions, enhanced reliability and improved resilience – are challenging to quantify at a broader sectoral level, beyond the confines of individual case studies. It is also challenging to predict the nature, adoption and impact of AI applications that might emerge in the future. Given these limitations, we explore the impact of impact that known AI applications at the sectoral level by 2035 through a Widespread Adoption Case. This case considers only existing AI-led interventions informed by real-world case studies that can be scaled to the…
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Korea 2025 Executive summary
…expanding renewable energy technologies.Addressing Korea’s challenges will require sustained policy efforts, domestic and international co-operation, and technological innovation. In 2021, the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth for Coping with Climate Crisis (Carbon Neutrality Act) enshrined the country’s 2050 net zero target into law alongside interim 2030 GHG reduction targets and sector-specific measures. A Presidential Commission on Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth acts as a climate policy council, advises the government on targets and policies, and reviews progress on mitigation and adaptation each year. In 2022, the government placed an emphasis on energy security…
