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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Road transport
…mass adoption. Declining battery costs and growing market competition are driving improvements in affordability.Electric car affordability improved across all major markets between 2021 and 2024. In China, around two-thirds of electric cars were cheaper than their conventional counterparts in 2024. Deployment Electric car sales surpassed 17 million in 2024, growing nearly 30% year-on-year. They accounted for 22% of total car sales, meaning cars overtook 2/3-wheelers as the most electrified road transport segment. Electrification of 2/3-wheelers stagnated at about 15% in 2024.The electric bus and truck market continued to expand, growing by…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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State of Energy Policy 2026 Energy efficiency and fuel switching regulations
…how the stringency of MEPS has evolved for a few key end uses of cooling and heating, road transport and industrial motors.In 2025, 15 countries saw changes to MEPS take effect, with some increasing stringency and others decreasing it. Overall, the changes in 2025 marked a historic reduction in coverage and stringency, with significant withdrawals, relaxed legislation and postponements coming into force. MEPS covering 30% of global energy demand were made less stringent or saw implementation delayed, while only 17% of demand covered by MEPS saw increased stringency. The most significant decreases in efficiency stringency were in the United States…
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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap Unlocking the opportunity - A roadmap for action
Highlights Hydrogen represents a long-term opportunity for Ukraine, but action is required in the near term to unlock the full benefits. Work over the first 2-3 years after the war ends can lay the foundations for future market growth without large commitments, such as through studies, planning for regulation and de-risking. In a second stage (5 years) pilot projects would be built to develop experience in the private sector and inform policy. A final stage (10-20 years) would incorporate lessons learnt, with a focus on standardisation, replication and simplification to support large-scale deployment. Each stage…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Clean cooking infrastructure
…cooking infrastructure, highlighting gaps and key considerations for expansion.Widening liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) distribution in sub-Saharan Africa requires the buildout of infrastructure. This includes additional primary storage – which is concentrated in oil producing states today – and improved port infrastructure, as 50% of LPG demand in the region is imported. On the distribution side, additional bottling facilities and specialised vehicles for safe transportation are required. With nearly 20 plants operating, cylinder manufacturing is a market segment where local players could have a competitive edge – provided quality meets international standards.Consumer uptake of electric cooking is on the rise globally, and…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Cost acceptability
…uses enables identification of the maximum acceptable costs for hydrogen users, i.e. the maximum amount that can be spent on the hydrogen feedstock within a low-emissions pathway while maintaining the same total levelised cost of production as the incumbent pathway to produce the same commodity.This can enable policy makers and investors to identify sectors with both high maximum acceptable hydrogen costs and high potential volumes that can serve as lead markets for low-emissions hydrogen. Cost acceptability can be influenced by policies and depends on technologies, fuels and cost structure.The factors with the most influence on…
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Key Questions on Energy and AI Executive summary
…oil and natural gas production. Many jurisdictions are seeing project pipelines accelerate dramatically, although not all projects will come to fruition. Those that are moving forward are doing so at pace: the IEA’s unique satellite-based tracking shows that “artificial intelligence (AI) factories” – cutting-edge data centres specifically designed for AI – have more than tripled in capacity in the past 18 months. Meanwhile, the capabilities of AI are improving quickly, increasing the likelihood that it will reshape economic growth, innovation and competitiveness and disrupt established industries and jobs.In April 2025, the IEA published its landmark Energy and AI report…
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Financing the ASEAN Power Grid Executive summary
Southeast Asia’s electricity sector is on the cusp of major changes that underscore the case for regional integration Rapidly growing electricity demand alongside accelerating momentum behind renewables deployment will require major investment in grids across Southeast Asia. Electricity consumption in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region has increased ninefold since 1990 and is projected to continue to grow at annual rate of 3 to 4% through to 2040, considerably faster than the global average. ASEAN member states have committed to a massive expansion of new generation capacity to meet this demand. By 2040, total generation capacity is…
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Trends in electric car affordability
…2024. In contrast, in Germany, the price of electric SUVs slightly increased in 2024, despite their battery pack prices declining 20%. This suggests that the battery pack price is not the only factor influencing EV prices: other component manufacturing costs, trim levels and carmakers’ pricing strategies also play a significant role. Availability of a wide range of affordable EV models will be key to unlocking mass-market adoption. In 2024, there were fewer BEV models available than ICEV models in the United States and Europe, and the range was skewed towards higher-end models with higher prices. Conversely, in China, the…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Oil use in industry
Industry accounts for around 20% of global oil demand. Two-thirds of industrial oil demand is used as feedstock in the chemicals industry. There are options that can bring down oil demand in industry, and some flexibility on which oil products are used as petrochemical feedstocks. 10. Leverage flexibility with petrochemical feedstocks and implement short-term efficiency and maintenance measures Description: The majority of petrochemical production capacity in Asia and the European Union can technically switch between different oil products – such as LPG, naphtha, ethane or gasoil – as a feedstock without requiring equipment modifications. Prioritising the processing of oil feedstocks…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Overview and key findings
…with emerging market and developing economies driving the increase, led by India and Southeast Asia. Differences in the pace at which new technologies are brought into the energy system are reflected in the trajectories for fossil fuels. In the CPS, oil and natural gas demand continue to grow to mid-century, although coal goes into decline before 2030. In the STEPS, coal use peaks earlier than in the CPS and oil demand flattens by the end of the decade, but natural gas demand continues to grow into the 2030s, as a wave of new liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports brings…
