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Energy Efficiency 2025 Executive summary
Global energy efficiency progress sees improvement in 2025, but remains off track to meet global goal Global energy efficiency progress is set to improve by 1.8% in 2025, up from around 1% in 2024. Preliminary estimates indicate that several key regions are showing some signs of stronger progress compared to their average since 2019. For example, energy intensity progress in 2025 is estimated to be over 3% in the People’s Republic of China (hereafter “China”) and over 4% in India, well above their averages in the years since 2019. In the United States and the European Union (EU…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Implications and policy considerations
…for success? Progress on clean cooking requires efforts from a wide range of stakeholders. These include efforts to enhance countries’ policy frameworks, address consumer affordability and other barriers to adoption, cultivate a skilled workforce and mobilise additional financing to the sector – themes discussed in this chapter.Access to low-cost debt will be key for companies to grow their customer base quickly. In the ACCESS, the share of debt financing in the sector increases from 35% today to over 50%. This depends on more financiers being able to assess and appropriately price risk clean cooking companies and investments. Technical assistance…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Electric vehicle batteries
…Relatively low critical mineral prices also contributed to downward cost pressure, although lithium and cobalt experienced notable price increases over the year. The recent increase in lithium and cobalt prices – if sustained – could put upward pressure on battery costs as stockpiles of minerals purchased at lower prices are being drained.Lithium prices at the beginning of 2026 were more than twice as high as in the same period in 2025, even though they remained around 70% lower than their 2022 peak. Several factors contributed to this rise, including faster‑than‑anticipated demand growth – particularly from the battery energy storage sector –, relatively low…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Technology: Battery storage
…China continued to lead battery deployment in 2025, accounting for around 60% of global additions, followed by the United States and Europe. However, deployment is widening beyond the largest markets, with strong momentum in Australia and parts of the Middle East, where storage is increasingly seen as a key building block for electricity security and renewables integration.Battery-based uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) – primarily in data centres – also saw significant growth, with capacity additions rising 30% to 45 GW in 2025. However, unlike battery storage systems, UPS generally only provide short‑duration backup to bridge outages until other backup sources start.
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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Global Energy and Climate Model About the Global Energy and Climate Model
…transmission and distribution systems, storage and trade.Energy supply, including fossil fuels exploration, extraction and trade, and the availability of renewable energy resources.Inputs to the model include: historical technology stock, cost and performance; energy statistics and balance data; policies and regulations; and socio-economic drivers.Outputs from the model include: projected technology stock, cost, and performance; energy flows by fuel; investment needs and costs; materials and critical minerals demand; carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions.Prices, which are both inputs and outputs of the model, include: fuel, end-user and CO2 prices. Developments in the…
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Executive summary
…quarter sales in all major markets. In China, the continuation of incentives for replacing older vehicles and falling electric car prices mean electric cars are projected to reach around 60% of total car sales in the country in 2025. Emissions standards in the European Union and the United Kingdom will require higher shares of zero-emission car sales in 2025. Building on more than 20% year-on-year sales growth observed in the first quarter, these policy pushes are expected to drive up electric car sales in Europe in 2025 to reach a sales share of 25%, despite flexibility given to automakers…
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Energy Management for Industry Executive summary
…more than 10% energy savings on average within the first three years of implementation, well exceeding average improvements in energy intensity across industry. A growing number of companies are demonstrating even larger savings of 30% or more, with many of the measures at low- or no-cost. In International Energy Agency (IEA) Member countries alone, aligning the energy performance of all firms with the top 25% most energy-efficient companies in their respective subsectors could reduce total industrial energy costs by up to USD 600 billion per annum. While not all firms can achieve the performance of the top 25% due to…
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Regulating the sector
…fossil fuel heating, energy labelling and heat planning or zoning measures. Building codes and standards Buildings remain a major source of emissions and energy consumption around the world. In Moldova, households are by far the country’s biggest users of energy. Upgrades to building performance through energy codes are critical for lowering energy demand per square metre, as well as improving quality of life, reducing air pollution and making energy more affordable.Energy codes dictate performance requirements for both new and existing buildings. In new buildings, they can be used to ensure that efficient building practices are used, and renewable…
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Building the market
This chapter focuses on driving consumer and industrial demand for heat pumps while building a base of manufacturers and installers. It discusses energy pricing, including taxes and levies on electricity and gas, carbon pricing and other types of instruments to encourage the deployment of heat pumps in Moldova. Communication A main barrier identified during stakeholder consultations for this study was a lack of consumer knowledge and experience with heat pumps. This is an issue that should be addressed upfront, as it can result in uncertainty about the operation of heat pumps and spreading of misinformation about their applications or limits…
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Trends in electric car markets
Electric car sales Global electric car sales exceeded 17 million in 2024 More than 20% of new cars sold worldwide were electricElectric car sales topped 17 million worldwide in 2024, rising by more than 25%. Just the additional 3.5 million cars sold in 2024 compared to 2023 outnumber total electric car sales in the whole of 2020. China maintained its lead among major markets, with electric car sales exceeding 11 million – more than were sold worldwide just 2 years earlier. Global sales were slightly tempered by stagnating growth in Europe, as subsidies were phased out or reduced in several major markets, and…