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Czechia 2025 Executive summary
…defined, with a particular focus on the long-term pathway for renewables and the role of natural gas in the energy transition. Czechia has set laudable goals and updating its strategic framework, filling implementation gaps, strengthening capacity and fostering societal support will help to achieve them.Significant steps are being taken to improve energy security and reduce reliance on Russian imports. To address short-term energy security concerns related to the coal phase-out, legislation now allows temporary operation of coal plants in case of shortages, and a capacity mechanism is being developed to attract investment in new dispatchable generation…
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Belarus
Energy policy in Belarus focuses on providing reliable energy while reducing import–dependence, particularly on natural gas from a single supplier. The government is contemplating attractive investment measures and fuel diversification to reduce natural gas consumption and include more coal and renewables into the country's energy mix, while developing local energy sources and introducing nuclear power.
Belarus has also prioritized improving energy efficiency in electricity and heat production and is phasing out subsidies for electricity, heat and gas, which is expected to make the energy sector more market-focused and investor-friendly. Belarus is part of the EU4Energy Programme…- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan has one of the highest energy self-sufficiency ratios in the world as a major crude oil and natural gas producer. While the renewable sector has not seen as much attention, the government is now looking to stimulate investment and accelerate deployment, allowing for diversification of domestic energy consumption. In addition, the government is working on a new energy strategy that will set the stage for further policy shifts. Azerbaijan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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Uzbekistan
Despite being energy self-sufficient thanks to its gas sector, Uzbekistan's ageing infrastructure struggles to meet growing domestic demand. Losses, overuse and financing remain problematic. Wide-ranging reforms focused on improving and diversification the energy sector are being introduced and the government has adopted the Strategy of Actions 2017-2021, which prioritizes improving energy efficiency and increasing generating capacity and use of renewables. Uzbekistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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Georgia - Russian Federation Free Trade Agreement
The Georgia - Russia Free Trade Agreement aims to foster economic and trade relations between the two countries by eliminating tariffs and other trade barriers. The Agreement eliminates and reduce tariffs for traded originating goods. Goods are counted as originating if they are wholly produced or obtained in the country, or undergo sufficient work.
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First NDC of Russian Federation
The Russian Federation aims at limiting the growth of its GHG emissions to 70% of 1990 levels by 2030.
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Second NDC of Russian Federation
The Russian Federation aims at limiting the growth of its GHG emissions to 65-67% of 1990 levels by 2035.
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Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2050
The Energy Strategy aims for effective resource development, including full supply to meet domestic market needs, technological leadership, the creation of domestic materials, equipment and technologies, and the training of the workforce. It sets out a a target scenario towards 2050 for Russia's energy sector, with projections and timeline for its oil, natural gas and LNG production. It also signals a rise in electricity demand, partially due to data centres, by up to 42% compared to 2023 levels. Nuclear energy is also foreseen to reach 25% of total electricity generation by the same date.
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Chapter 26 of Russian Tax Code on the Extraction of Commercial Minerals
Commercial minerals extracted from the subsurface in the territory of the Russia Federation at a subsurface site, including from a hydrocarbon reservoir, are considered taxable objects in the Russian tax code (Art 336). These include oil shales, coal, gas condensate, and natural fuel gas. Article 339 lays out the procedure for determining the quantity of an extracted commercial mineral to be taxed; this is determined by the taxpayer independently. For oil, net weight means the quantity of oil less separated water, associated petroleum gas and other impurities. Article 342 dictates tax rates levied on various extracted minerals. A tax rate…
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Sanctions against Russia
Japan has implemented various sanctions on Russia since 2014. These were upgraded in 2022, 2023, and 2024. Since 2022, Japan has notably implemented a price cap on Russian oil purchases and an export ban for industrial inputs (including steel products and parts thereof, nickel and its products, aluminium and its products, boilers and machinery and parts and accessories thereof, as well as hybrid vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles, and electric vehicles).
