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Cost of Capital Observatory
…economies, updated with 2023 and 2024 data in July and September 2025.A section with Tools and Analysis to help governments understand and quantify the main underlying risks perceived by investors and financiers in each country.Case Studies with lessons learnt of how policymakers, together with the private sector, development finance institutions and other entities managed to mitigate risks and mobilise capital for clean energy sectors across the emerging and developing world.We hope these resources will help drive policy changes that can lower financing costs in the parts of the world that most need it. Survey documentation Data documentation
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Mexico Case Study
Cost of Capital Observatory Case Study The Cost of Capital Observatory is an initiative from the IEA, the World Economic Forum, ETH Zurich and Imperial College London. The aim of the Observatory is to increase transparency in the energy sector and inspire investor confidence, especially in emerging and developing countries where data on financing costs is scarcer.Case Studies include lessons learnt of how policymakers, together with the private sector, development finance institutions and other entities managed to mitigate risks and mobilise capital for clean energy sectors across the emerging and developing world.
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Energy Efficiency 2018
Analysis and outlooks to 2040 Energy efficiency can bring significant economic, social and environmental benefits. But while energy efficiency is improving around the world, its positive impact on global energy use is overwhelmed by rising economic activity across all sectors. Efficiency can enable economic growth, reduce emissions and improve energy security. The right efficiency policies could enable the world to achieve more than 40% of the emissions cuts needed to reach its climate goals without new technology. Energy Efficiency 2018 looks at why efficiency’s massive potential remains untapped, and through the new Efficient World Scenario explores what would happen if countries maximized…
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Railway Handbook 2015
Produced in collaboration with the Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer The collaboration of the IEA and the UIC in collecting, elaborating, and presenting activity, energy, and CO2 emissions data was carried out for the fourth time through the release of the Railway Handbook 2015. For this edition, significant methodological improvements were implemented leading to better consistency between the different indicators presented in this Handbook, in addition to updates of the global data, as well as regional breakdowns for those regions that we consider the most relevant from the point of view of transport activity: European Union, USA, Japan, Russia…
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Latin America Energy Outlook 2023
World Energy Outlook Special Report Latin America and the Caribbean is a region that stands out in the global energy sector. It boasts extraordinary natural resources – both fossil fuels and renewable energy – and a significant share of the world’s critical minerals. It also has a history of ambitious policy making in pursuit of stronger energy security and greater sustainability that has delivered one of the cleanest electricity mixes in the world. As the region emerges from a period of sluggish economic growth, countries in Latin America and the Caribbean now stand to leverage these resources to revitalise their economies…
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Implementing Clean Energy Transitions
…in order to assess where gaps may arise and help governments and policymakers to explore other international policy experiences.The library groups transport policies within three overarching categories:Regulation, incl. standards and mandates: This includes fuel-economy standards, emission standards, blending mandates, charging standards and EV mandates. Incentives: This includes for both cases incentives for electric vehicle, modal shift, biofuels and scrappage schemes. Fuel excise taxes and carbon pricing are also included in this category.Information: This includes policies and initiatives focused on informing consumers, training, and networking.This library builts on the joint IEA/IRENA Policy and Measures database…
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Clean Energy Transitions Programme 2021
Annual report 2021 The Clean Energy Transitions Programme (CETP) has enabled the International Energy Agency (IEA) to significantly expand and deepen its global engagement and to support emerging economies’ transition to clean, resilient, sustainable energy systems. In 2021 the CETP marked its fourth full year since its launch at the 2017 IEA Ministerial Meeting, and the programme has steadily grown in size and impact.The CETP Annual Report 2021 aims to provide all CETP donors and partners with insights on the programme’s accomplishments, outputs and efforts across all areas of work. The report highlights activities and achievements for each…
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Optimising Russian Natural Gas
Reform and Climate Policy Optimising Russian Natural Gas The world’s largest gas producer and exporter, Russia has an enormous energy saving potential. At least 30 billion cubic meters – a fifth of Russian exports to European OECD countries -- could be saved every year by enhanced technology or energy efficiency. As the era of cheap gas in Russia comes to an end, this potential saving is increasingly important for Russians and importing countries. This book analyses and estimates the potential savings and the associated reductions in greenhouse gas emissions that could be achieved in the oil extraction (flaring), gas transmission and…
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Renewables 2020
…defy Covid to set new record Driven by China and the United States, net installed renewable capacity will grow by nearly 4% globally in 2020, reaching almost 200 GW. Higher additions of wind and hydropower are taking global renewable capacity additions to a new record this year, accounting for almost 90% of the increase in total power capacity worldwide. Solar PV growth is expected to remain stable as a faster expansion of utility-scale projects compensates for the decline in rooftop additions resulting from individuals and companies reprioritising investments. Wind and solar PV additions are set to jump by 30%…
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National Reliance on Russian Fossil Fuel Imports
How do countries rely on and consume Russian energy? Russia was the world’s largest fossil fuels exporter in 2021, and global energy markets have been thrown into turmoil by the country’s invasion of Ukraine, with major energy security and supply risks worldwide.The data visualisations included in this report lay out the reliance of various countries on Russian energy imports and how Russian oil, gas and coal imports are being used in different countries to power manufacturing, transportation, residences, and other services and sectors. In doing so, the report highlights which nations and sectors may be most vulnerable…