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2022 Energy Crisis: Frequently Asked Questions
…about 5 million barrels a day (mb/d) of crude, and around 2.8 mb/d of products. Who are the main customers for Russian oil?In 2021, more than half of Russia’s oil exports went to Europe, which received about one- third of its oil imports from Russia. Germany was the largest European buyer of Russian oil, followed by the Netherlands and Poland.China was the single largest buyer of Russian oil, taking 1.6 mb/d of crude on average in 2021, or about 20% of Russia’s exports, equally divided between pipeline and seaborne routes. Ja...
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Renewables 2020
Analysis and forecast to 2025 In May 2020, the IEA market update on renewable energy provided an analysis that looked at the impact of Covid-19 on renewable energy deployment in 2020 and 2021. This early assessment showed that the Covid-19 crisis is hurting – but not halting – global renewable energy growth. Half a year later, the pandemic continues to affect the global economy and daily life. However, renewable markets, especially electricity-generating technologies, have already shown their resilience to the crisis. Renewables 2020 provides detailed analysis and forecasts through 2025 of the impact of Covid-19 on renewables in…
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Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries: Russia 2014
Russia’s energy sector plays an essential role for the Russian economy, its energy security and global hydrocarbon supplies. Russia holds among the world’s largest resources of gas, oil and coal. Its liquids production has reached historical highs, yet major additional upstream investments and technology upgrades will be needed to sustain these levels in the long term. Its gas production is also at high levels, with Gazprom being the dominant producer, and with other companies now taking significant roles. Since the last IEA review of Russia’s energy policies in 2002, the power sector has also liberalised considerably. The…
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Development of Energy Efficiency Indicators in Russia
Development of Energy Efficiency Indicators in Russia The key findings of the IEA work with the Russian Federation on developing energy efficiency indicators form the core of this report. Russia is sometimes referred to as “the Saudi Arabia of energy efficiency”; its vast potential to reduce energy consumption can be considered a significant energy reserve. Russia, recognising the benefits of more efficient use of energy, is taking measures to exploit this potential. The president has set the goal to reduce energy intensity by 40% between 2007 and 2020. In the past few years, the IEA has worked closely with Russian…
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Coal Mine Methane in Russia
Coal Mine Methane in Russia This report discusses coal mine methane emissions (CMM) in the Russian Federation and the potential for their productive utilisation. It highlights specific opportunities for cost-effective reductions of CMM from oil and natural gas facilities, coal mines and landfills, with the aim of improving knowledge about effective policy approaches.
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Renewables in Russia
From Opportunities to Reality Renewables in Russia Russia is rich not only in oil, gas and coal, but also in wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass and solar energy – the resources of renewable energy. However, fossil fuels dominate Russia’s current energy mix, while its abundant and diverse renewable energy resources play little role. What are the near- and medium-term opportunities for renewables in Russia?
This report demonstrates that renewable energy can offer a real means to address some of Russia’s energy and economic challenges. -
Partner Country Series - Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform in Mexico and Indonesia
Many countries have turned to fossil fuel subsidies at some point or another to reduce energy costs in order to cut transportation bills, prop up industries, or finance household electrification, particularly for the poorest families. At the same time, many studies have found that the economic and environmental costs of fossil fuel subsidies far outweighs any of its perceived social benefits, which can be achieved by other more effective means. Drawing on its global experience and extensive analysis of fossil fuel subsidies, the IEA undertook this in-depth look at reforms of fossil fuel subsidies in Mexico and Indonesia. These…
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Russia Energy Survey
Because of the Russian Federation’s role as a key oil and gas exporter, the Russian energy sector is of key importance to the country’s economic success, as well as to world energy markets. Reforms are essential to enable Russia’s energy sector to keep pace with domestic energy demand growth in a period of strong GDP growth, while yet seizing export opportunities. Success will depend upon the creation of a stable and competitive investment environment, energy price reform, corporate transparency, dramatic improvement in energy efficiency and proper safeguards against the adverse environmental impacts from increased energy production and…
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Russian Electricity Reform
Russian Electricity Reform The government of the Russian Federation has embarked on a highly ambitious program of electricity reform. Russian policy makers have recognised that attracting timely and appropriate investment will remain a substantial and ongoing challenge, which can most effectively be addressed through the creation of efficient electricity markets operating in response to genuine price signals, within a robust and predictable legal and regulatory framework. Only such markets, in which competition is based on transparent prices that accurately reflect costs, can deliver the efficient, reliable and internationally competitive performance needed to meet the government’s economic targets in the…
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Optimising Russian Natural Gas
Reform and Climate Policy Optimising Russian Natural Gas The world’s largest gas producer and exporter, Russia has an enormous energy saving potential. At least 30 billion cubic meters – a fifth of Russian exports to European OECD countries -- could be saved every year by enhanced technology or energy efficiency. As the era of cheap gas in Russia comes to an end, this potential saving is increasingly important for Russians and importing countries. This book analyses and estimates the potential savings and the associated reductions in greenhouse gas emissions that could be achieved in the oil extraction (flaring), gas transmission and…