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National Reliance on Russian Fossil Fuel Imports
How do countries rely on and consume Russian energy? Russia was the world’s largest fossil fuels exporter in 2021, and global energy markets have been thrown into turmoil by the country’s invasion of Ukraine, with major energy security and supply risks worldwide.The data visualisations included in this report lay out the reliance of various countries on Russian energy imports and how Russian oil, gas and coal imports are being used in different countries to power manufacturing, transportation, residences, and other services and sectors. In doing so, the report highlights which nations and sectors may be most vulnerable…
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Russian supplies to global energy markets
Assessing the impacts of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on global oil and natural gas markets and energy security As a major producer and exporter of both oil and natural gas, Russia has a significant role in global energy markets. Russia's invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022 has potentially serious implications for international energy security. For this reason, the IEA is providing factual and up-to-date information on Russia's oil and natural gas supplies.
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Oil Market Report - June 2023
…are forecast to increase by 1.8 mb/d in 2023 and 1 mb/d next year when it averages 83.4 mb/d. A further decline in OECD crude runs next year is more than offset by the 1.3 mb/d increase in non-OECD activity. New capacity in Oman and Kuwait and ample availability of discounted Russian crude in Asia skews activity away from the Atlantic Basin. Refinery margins were stable in May, with gains in Atlantic Basin light distillates partially offset by weaker middle distillates.Global observed oil inventories rose by 10 mb in April as…
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Oil Market Report - May 2023
…However, weak margins mean the 2H23 runs forecast has been downgraded, most notably for Europe and the US. New capacity and ample availability of discounted Russian crude in Asia skews activity away from the Atlantic Basin.Russian exports of crude and refined oil products edged up in April to a post-invasion high of 8.3 mb/d. Shipments of crude oil increased by 250 kb/d, offsetting a decline in product exports of 200 kb/d. Estimated oil export revenues increased by $1.7 billion to $15 billion on the back of higher crude oil exports and a narrower…
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Oil Market Report - March 2022
…levied against Russia following its invasion of Ukraine are expected to appreciably depress global economic growth. As a result, we have revised down our forecast for world oil demand by 1.3 mb/d for 2Q22-4Q22, resulting in 950 kb/d slower growth for 2022 on average. Total demand is now projected at 99.7 mb/d in 2022, an increase of 2.1 mb/d from 2021.The prospect of large-scale disruptions to Russian oil production is threatening to create a global oil supply shock. We estimate that from April, 3 mb/d of Russian oil output…
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Energy System Resilience
…The long-term dimension involves securing sufficient infrastructure investment and diverse supply sources. The short-term dimension – resilience – focuses on systems’ ability to cope with events exceeding standard planning conditions. Since Russia’s full-scale invasion in 2022, Ukraine has worked to protect its energy sector and to increase its ability to withstand and rapidly recover from Russia’s attacks on its energy infrastructure. The report explores the lessons that Ukraine has been learning as it works to bolster system resilience and identifies measures that apply to a range of high-impact events – such as cyberattacks, physical attacks on infrastructure…
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Empowering Ukraine Through a Decentralised Electricity System
A roadmap for Ukraine’s increased use of distributed energy resources towards 2030 This roadmap from the IEA, Empowering Ukraine through a Decentralised Energy System, outlines a pathway to rebuild and modernise Ukraine’s power sector amid ongoing attacks on its energy infrastructure.Since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, nearly two-thirds of Ukraine’s dispatchable power capacity has been occupied, damaged, or destroyed. The report highlights distributed energy resources (DERs) as a vital solution to address their power deficit while enhancing Ukraine’s energy security, resilience, and flexibility. DERs – such as solar PV, wind…
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Ukraine’s Energy Security
…importance. While Ukraine made strong strides in rebuilding and strengthening the resilience of its energy system this past spring and summer, the situation remains fragile, and the risk of huge disruptions and widespread destabilisation remains – particularly as Russia expands the scope and sophistication of its attacks.This analysis builds on the IEA’s September 2024 report, Ukraine’s Energy Security and the Coming Winter. It provides an update on the latest developments through October 2025 and proposes key actions that Ukraine and its partners can take to address urgent energy security vulnerabilities this winter and bolster longer-term energy resilience…
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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap
Ukraine’s energy sector has been severely affected by the Russian Federation’s full-scale invasion. The power sector went from having a large capacity surplus before the war to a power deficit in 2024 due to Russia’s attacks. This has focused attention on energy security and restoring the reliability of supply. Hydrogen demand from conventional applications in refining and ammonia has also plunged, falling 80%, with most of these assets in southern Ukraine, where the frontline and occupied areas are located. Overall economic damage from the war has been extensive, with reconstruction costs previously estimated by the World…
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Ukraine's Energy Security and the Coming Winter
An energy action plan for Ukraine and its partners This special report from the IEA, Ukraine’s Energy Security and the Coming Winter, provides an energy action plan for Ukraine and its partners to help the country meet its energy needs through the challenging months ahead.Ukraine's energy system has been targeted since Russia launched its full-scale invasion of the country in February 2022. These attacks on key infrastructure have recently increased and intensified, posing a huge threat to reliable access to power, heating and communications services across Ukraine this winter.This special report lays out 10 key…
