-
Estonia
…mainly to lowering its reliance on electricity generation from domestic oil shale, an energy rich sedimentary rock. However, oil shale remains the main energy source and imported fossil fuels still plan a major role, especially in transport. Estonia’s forests, which historically offset significant greenhouse gas emissions, have become a net emissions source. Estonia is aiming to accelerate its clean energy transition with a target to cover 100% of annual electricity demand with renewables by 2030 as part of a larger package to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. It is seeing success with one of the highest uptakes of heat…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
-
+ 5 pages
![Estonia Flag]()
-
Denmark
Denmark has been an early leader in decarbonisation and in 2022 the government announced a net zero by 2045 target, aiming at 110% emissions reductions by 2050. Denmark’s technology leadership is important in the areas of offshore wind, biomethane and district heating. The government has expanded these categories to adopt a strategic focus on carbon capture and storage (CCUS) and hydrogen. The government has a robust energy and climate governance under the Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities and ‘the year wheel’ of Climate Act of 2020 ensures annual policy actions and funding. Among IEA countries, Denmark has…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
-
+ 5 pages
![Denmark Flag]()
-
Portugal
…supporting decarbonisation through a wide variety of measures, such as, coal-fired generation was phased out in 2021. Portugal is further developing its large hydropower fleet, including additional capacity of pumped hydro storage. Portugal is an international leader for integration of wind generation, and auctions are driving rapid deployment of PV and battery storage. Portugal is pushing for better electricity interconnections with the rest of Europe. Portugal’s National Energy and Climate Plan sets 2030 targets for emissions reductions, energy efficiency and renewable energy that aim to put the country a path to achieving cost effective carbon neutrality by 2050.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
-
+ 5 pages
![Portugal Flag]()
-
Oil Market Report - June 2025
…Conversely, plans by OPEC+ to accelerate the unwinding of voluntary output cuts added to the prospect of comfortable 2H25 balances. Geopolitical risk in focus Global oil markets were roiled by a rapid escalation in geopolitical tensions after Israel launched a series of air strikes on targets in Iran on 13 June and Tehran retaliated. The two countries have fought a shadow war for decades, but the current conflict is the most severe, with energy infrastructure also targeted for the first time. While there was no impact on Iranian oil flows at the time of writing, fears of a widening regional…
-
Financing the Modernisation of Power Systems Beyond Coal
…emissions from operating plants, and considers the investment and power system planning challenges of replacing coal generation while maintaining essential system services. It also reviews project‑based and emerging jurisdictional approaches to transition credits, focusing on methodologies for the early retirement of grid‑connected coal plants and their replacement with clean energy.By examining these issues from a power system, investment and carbon markets perspective, the report aims to provide a clearer understanding of coal transition strategies and outlines recommendations for countries that may choose to explore transition credits as an option to reduce the role of coal in their electricity mix.
-
Canada is set to play a leading role in supplying the world with responsibly produced critical minerals
…only part of the critical minerals value chain within their jurisdictions. Access to low-emissions energy sources such as hydro and nuclear power can also serve as a competitive advantage in the development of its critical minerals sector.Canada’s slate of existing and announced projects could enhance its role as a major global supplier of nickel, lithium, graphite, cobalt and rare earth elements. Mining of copper, cobalt, lithium, nickel and graphite is already widespread across several provinces and territories, with 56 active projects in 2024 – and Canada already covers, or aims to cover, multiple stages of the supply chain domestically…
-
Overview graphic: key technology trends for EVs
…progress in AI and computing power is disproportionately benefiting EVs, particularly for automated driving and integrated vehicle control. Sensors and chips integrate well with the stable, high-voltage power supply of EV batteries. At the same time, the benefits of AI and increased computing power are not exclusive to EVs. AI‑enabled energy management systems are increasingly used to optimise hybrid vehicles, and AI techniques are accelerating the design, testing and optimisation of all vehicles.Finally, technologies enabling EV-grid integration are becoming increasingly available, allowing EVs to play a larger role in the energy system and improving their value proposition…
-
Ukraine’s Energy Security As Ukraine heads into another heating season, six measures can help improve energy security
…measures, can serve as a strong means of protecting key energy facilities. Ukraine has been investing in lighter passive defence – such as gabions and sandbags, as well as anti-drone netting – as well as a second level of protection whereby reinforced concrete structures are erected around important infrastructure such as substations and autotransformers. These measures, combined with air defence, have successfully repelled some recent attacks. However, further investment remains necessary as Russia continues to update its attack strategies and increase the number of drones and missiles deployed.Efforts to optimise supply chains for key energy equipment also remain crucial, as…
-
Energy and AI AI and climate change
…some of which lead to emissions reductions, whether directly through reduced energy needs or otherwise: Methane emissions reductions in oil and gas operations – a large source of this sector’s methane emissions come from leaks; AI can facilitate detection so that repairs can happen sooner, for example through better identification using satellite monitoring systems.Power sector emissions reductions by improving efficiencies at fossil fuel-powered plants; for example, by ensuring process conditions within a natural gas-powered plant are closer to those for optimal efficiency.Industry emissions reductions by optimising manufacturing processes for their energy needs, therefore lowering related emissions…
-
State of Energy Policy 2026 Energy efficiency and fuel switching regulations
…Global energy intensity has improved by around 30% over the past 25 years, meaning the world uses about 30% less energy per unit of economic output today than it did in 2000, with differentiated trends by key end uses: passenger cars and air conditioners have notably seen efficiency improvements for new sales of 30% and 45%, respectively since 2005. However, the pace of improvement has slowed over the past 15 years, from an annual rate of about 2.2% in the early 2010s to about 1% in 2024, alongside a general slowdown in industrial value-added growth.Minimum energy performance standards…
