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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Road transport
State of the transition Emissions Road sector emissions were just over 6 Gt CO₂ in 2024, 8% higher than in 2015. Growth averaged only 0.2% annually from 2019 to 2024, down from 1.7% per year between 2015 and 2019.Over 60% of road emissions are from passenger cars or vans, followed by trucks (about one-third), and buses and 2/3 wheelers just 7%.Since 2015, emissions in emerging economies (excluding China) have risen sharply, at over 18%, compared to 2.5% in the rest of the world. Cost Closing the purchase price gap between electric and conventional…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Masakazu Toyoda
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Institute of Energy Economics. Masakazu Toyoda has led the Institute of Energy Economics in Japan since July 2010. He is also a board member of several global organisations and companies. Prior to joining the IEEJ, he held prominent government positions in Japan, including Vice Minister for International Affairs at the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Trends in electric car affordability
Falling battery pack prices and intensifying competition underpin progress in electric car affordability Today, electric cars often have a lower total cost of ownership than ICE cars over the vehicle lifetime, due to reduced fuel and maintenance expenses. However, reducing the purchase price gap will be key to broader uptake. In Europe, for example, respondents to a 2023 survey by the European Commission identified the price of battery electric cars as the main barrier to adoption. While battery electric car prices generally fell in 2024, the price gap with ICE cars remains in most regions. Electric car affordability has made…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Executive summary
Demand for key energy minerals continued to grow strongly in 2024. Lithium demand rose by nearly 30%, significantly exceeding the 10% annual growth rate seen in the 2010s. Demand for nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earths increased by 6‑8% in 2024. This growth was largely driven by energy applications such as electric vehicles, battery storage, renewables and grid networks. In the case of copper, the rapid expansion of grid investments in China has been the single largest contributor to demand growth over the past two years. For battery metals such as lithium, nickel, cobalt and graphite, the energy sector accounted…
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Amalia Pizarro
Energy Technology Analyst.
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Renewables 2021 Biofuels
…demand has recovered from Covid-19 disruption, but remains well below 2019 levels (IEA, 2021c). Increasing energy efficiency, surging electric vehicle sales and behaviour change all contribute to lower demand. Lower gasoline demand reduces ethanol volumes under current policies. However, ethanol demand recovery in Brazil and growing demand in Asia eventually offset declines in the United States and Europe in 2023.By comparison, in 2021 biodiesel, renewable diesel and biojet, expand well beyond 2019 levels, albeit from a low base for biojet. The combined demand for these fuels in 2021 is up 15%, or 7 billion litres, from 2019 levels…
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Global Energy Review 2025 Key findings
…Demand increased by 2.7% in 2024, rising by 115 billion cubic metres (bcm), compared with an average of around 75 bcm annually over the past decade. China had the largest absolute growth in gas demand in 2024 of over 7% (30 bcm), with growth also strong in other emerging and developing economies in Asia. Gas demand expanded by around 2% (20 bcm) in the United States. Consumption grew modestly in the European Union, notably for industrial use. Global coal demand rose by 1%. Power generation was the main driver of growth as high temperatures pushed up electricity consumption for cooling…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 3 pages
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Serbia
In Serbia, the National Renewable Energy Action Plan set targets of renewable energy sources use until 2020, as well as the pathway to achieve them. Among other things, it enhances investments towards the development of renewables.
Data for Serbia includes Montenegro until 2004.- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Demand and Supply Measures for the Steel and Cement Transition Executive summary
The seeds for producing and using near-zero emissions materials have been planted, but acceleration is needed The industry sector requires a massive scale-up of markets for transformative near-zero emissions materials to contribute to the achievement of internationally-agreed government objectives for net zero emissions. Such scale-up requires the production and use of these materials to grow from essentially zero today to capture nearly the entire market within the next few decades, shifting away from high-emissions conventional production and demand. The steel and cement sectors account for 14% of global energy and process-related emissions on…
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Toshiyuki Shirai
Former World Energy Outlook Analyst.
