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Syria
The 2009 Syrian Law on Energy Conservation aims to fulfil the sustainable development requirements of the country and deploy various renewable energy applications. Private and public institutions must commit to energy efficiency practices, use renewables and high energy- efficiency equipment.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency for Business Operational benefits
For every dollar in energy cost savings, productivity gains can deliver up to an extra 30 cents of value Energy efficiency measures can improve how firms use labour, equipment and materials, leading to gains that go beyond reduced energy use. These improvements are often driven by more efficient, precise and optimised processes. By reducing losses – such as excess heat, inefficient combustion or friction – equipment operates more smoothly and reliably. Electrified processes can further enhance efficiency by reducing the number of moving parts and points of failure.This improved performance leads directly to higher productivity. More efficient production lines enable better…
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Luxembourg 2026 Executive summary
…hydrogen and digitalisation, alongside stronger communication and public engagement to boost uptake in clean energy choices. At the same time, Luxembourg’s small size and close integration with (neighbouring) European markets offer significant opportunities for regional co‑operation on cross-border electricity and hydrogen infrastructure.Luxembourg’s buildings sector trails other sectors in emissions reductions and would benefit from more targeted regulatory and financial levers to support the low‑carbon transition. Despite strong energy performance standards for new construction, nearly 90% of existing homes rely on fossil fuels for heating and renovation rates remain low. The buildings sector accounted for over 20…
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Korea 2025 Executive summary
…MOTIE). MCEE is today responsible for climate, electricity, grid, and energy transition policies. MOTIE, now renamed the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Resources (MOTIR), continues to oversee resource industries such as oil, gas, coal, minerals, and nuclear exports.Electrification of buildings, transportation and industry combined with a growing demand for air conditioning and data centres is resulting in a shift toward an electrified economy. Substantial investments in new, diverse sources of electricity supply alongside reliable and resilient network infrastructure will be needed. A well-functioning wholesale market for power can provide efficient signals to invest. Given the structure of the...
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Portugal 2026 Policy recommendations for Portugal
Energy policy landscape 1. Adopt a national roadmap based on bottom-up sectoral agreements to support timely and cost effective emissions reductionsPortugal has established a clear long-term direction for its energy transition through the Roadmap for Carbon Neutrality 2050, the Basic Climate Law, and the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2030. The NECP commits to reducing GHG emissions by 55% by 2030 (vs. 2005 levels) and achieving climate neutrality by 2045. Strong progress has been made, with emissions down 43% in 2024, driven mainly by decarbonisation of electricity supply. Portugal is now entering a mid-transition, in which further…
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Spain
Spain is at the forefront of the energy transition due to its energy and climate change policies. The current Spanish framework for energy and climate is based on the 2050 objectives of national climate neutrality, 100% renewable energy in the electricity mix and 97% renewable energy in the total energy mix. As such, it is centred on the massive development of renewable energy, particularly solar, wind and renewable hydrogen, increasing energy efficiency and improving electrification. This is an opportunity for the country to not only stimulate the economy and by creating jobs through the modernisation of industry, but also to…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Beyond NMC batteries: Supply chain issues for emerging battery technologies
The LFP battery supply chains are significantly more concentrated than those for nickel-based batteries Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries now supply almost half the global electric car market up from less than 10% in 2020, at the expense of the previously dominant nickel-based NMC lithium-ion batteries, due to improved performance and lower costs. This remarkable battery chemistry shift is leading to new battery critical mineral supply chains coming into focus beyond nickel and cobalt. Simultaneously, there is also the emergence of manganese-rich lithium-ion cathodes, sodium-ion batteries, as well as the anticipated impact of solid…
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Energy and AI AI and climate change
…2030. In the Lift-Off Case, data centres see the largest emissions growth among all sectors. AI applications in the energy sector are being used for a wide range of optimisations, some of which lead to emissions reductions, whether directly through reduced energy needs or otherwise: Methane emissions reductions in oil and gas operations – a large source of this sector’s methane emissions come from leaks; AI can facilitate detection so that repairs can happen sooner, for example through better identification using satellite monitoring systems.Power sector emissions reductions by improving efficiencies at fossil fuel-powered plants; for example, by…
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Venezuela
The Venezuela Plan for the National Electric System aims to integrate renewables in the power system by including it in medium and long-term strategies. It aims to develop the use of renewables within isolated rural communities including solar, small hydro and biogas.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Sustainable transport in Armenia
…Yerevan, the capital, is the largest city with approximately 1 million inhabitants.Armenia’s economy has undergone numerous reforms since the economic crisis of the early to mid-1990s. It has transitioned from a Soviet-era, centrally planned economy to a partially market-oriented one, with most enterprises now privately owned. Foreign capital investment began in the early 2000s and has been an important contributor to economic growth. In 2024, gross domestic product (GDP) stood at USD 25.8 billion.Armenia became a member of the European Union’s Eastern Partnership in 2009 and has been an observer to the…
