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Different pathways to designing import customs duty exemption in Armenia, 2015-2030
Different pathways to designing import customs duty exemption in Armenia, 2015-2030 EU4Energy Armenia roadmap
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In-use vehicle fleet and cars per 1 000 people in Georgia, 2000-2023
In-use vehicle fleet and cars per 1 000 people in Georgia, 2000-2023 Georgia roadmap EU4Energy
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Setting the scene
…even more private investment.China has become a major provider of international public finance. Its outbound financing expanded rapidly in the years leading up to 2010 as part of broader economic and industrial strategies, with the China Development Bank (CDB) and the Export–Import Bank of China (CEXIM) emerging as two of the world’s largest DFIs. The launch of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013 further accelerated this outward push, formalising China’s ambition to strengthen cross-border infrastructure, energy access and economic ties. While China is not a traditional donor represented in fora such as the…
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State of Energy Policy 2026 Energy efficiency and fuel switching regulations
…the oil crises of the 1970s, and in 1978 in the European Economic Community for water and space heaters. By 2025, more than 130 countries had at least one energy efficiency standard in place. State of Energy Policy 2026 provides the first long-term view of how the stringency of MEPS has evolved for a few key end uses of cooling and heating, road transport and industrial motors.In 2025, 15 countries saw changes to MEPS take effect, with some increasing stringency and others decreasing it. Overall, the changes in 2025 marked a historic reduction in coverage and stringency, with significant withdrawals…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Summary
…driver’s oil consumption by 5% to 10% and overall oil use for private cars by 1% to 6%. Heavy freight trucks can save around 5% due to their already lower speeds.Encourage public transport: Shifting travel away from private cars to public transport, such as buses and trains, can reduce national oil use for cars by 1% to 3%. Options like cycling and walking for shorter journeys can lead to further reductions.Alternate private car access to roads in large cities on different days: Limiting cars’ access in designated zones to specific days based on their number plate could...
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Global Energy Review 2026 Key findings
…increase in both years, which was in line with IEA projections, remained well below the average annual rise between 2010 and 2019 of 1.4 mb/d. The slower increase mainly reflected weaker growth in petrochemical feedstocks, notably in China, while continued growth of electric vehicles kept oil demand for road transport in check. Electric car sales continued their rapid growth, climbing over 20% to more than 20 million units – around one quarter of new car sales in 2025.Gas demand growth slowed markedly in 2025, rising by around 1%, down from the 2.8% recorded in 2024, amid relatively high…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Global Energy Review 2026 Global trends
…and translating to around 30 million tonnes (around 0.7 EJ) of additional consumption. Cooler weather and strong renewables growth were the major drivers of the slowdown. Oil demand growth also eased, increasing by around 0.65 mb/d, driven by petrochemicals and aviation as fuel demand for road transport growth remained muted as electric vehicle sales increased by over 20% to more than 20 million units. Natural gas demand increased by around 40 billion cubic metres (bcm). At 1%, the annual growth rate marked a notable slowdown from the 2.8% increase in 2024, as high prices curbed higher consumption…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Global Energy Review 2026 Oil
…the year’s climate of macroeconomic uncertainty, overall economic performance remained broadly robust in most major markets, which supported growth in mobility demand. However, the effect on total oil consumption growth was eroded by the rising electrification of road transport and higher biofuels use. An additional factor supporting oil demand was steadily falling prices over the course of 2025, with an average decline of 15% compared with 2024 levels due to healthy supply increases. Supply rose by 3 mb/d in 2025 over 2024 as OPEC+ production came back online after cuts and non-OPEC+ supply, especially from the Americas…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Executive summary
…sales. Chinese automakers supplied 60% of global electric car sales in 2025, while European and North American automakers were each responsible for about 15% of global sales. The ongoing energy crisis resulting from the conflict in the Middle East has brought reliance on oil imports into sharp focus in many countries. The road transport sector represents close to half of oil demand today, and policy responses to the long tail of the current crisis stand to shape the global car market for years to come. The oil crisis of the 1970s prompted the introduction of fuel efficiency standards, which…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Outlook for electric mobility
…the stock of electric 2/3Ws reaches around 200 million in the CPS and around 300 million in the STEPS, representing a fourfold increase compared to today’s levels. The CPS sees adoption of electric 2/3Ws grow particularly for commercial use cases, thanks to the competitive total cost of ownership. EVs account for around 22% of all vehicles on the road (including 2/3Ws) by 2035 in the CPS, and over 25% in the STEPS, with most of the difference between CPS and STEPS to come from buses and 2/3Ws. In the NZE Scenario, the corresponding share reaches around 45%…