IEA
      • About
      • News
      • Events
      • Programmes
      • Help centre
      IEASkip navigation
          • Energy system Chevron down
            Explore the energy system by fuel, technology or sector
            Oil and natural gas supply

            Fossil Fuels

            Photo depicts a solar panels and windmills in the power plant

            Renewables and Low-Emissions Fuels

            Transport

            Transport

            Tracking industry

            Industry

            Tracking buildings

            Buildings

            Explore all
          • Topics Chevron down
            Understand the biggest energy challenges
            Iran tmo 2008052 lrg, NASA image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response team

            The Middle East and Global Energy Markets

            Electricity security report cover

            Energy Security

            Photo Depicts Abstract Curly Tendrils Against Blue Background Gettyimages 1041976390

            Artificial Intelligence

            Critical Mineral Topic Page Header Image

            Critical Minerals

            Access and Affordability

            Pexels Googledeepmind 17485658

            Energy Innovation

            Investment Topic Page Cover Image Windwills In The Background With Solar Panels At The Foreground

            Investment

            Climate Change

            Thisisengineering X7cls0azgkg Unsplash

            Energy and Gender

            Russias War On Ukraine Topic Page Cover An Empty Train Station In Lviv Urkaine

            Russia's War on Ukraine

            • Investment
            • Climate Change
            • Energy and Gender
            • Russia's War on Ukraine
            • Energy and Water
            • Fossil Fuel Subsidies
            • Net Zero Emissions
            • Saving Energy
            • COP28: Tracking the Energy Outcomes
            All topics
          • Countries Chevron down
            Explore the energy system by country or region
            Member countries
            • Australia
            • Austria
            • Belgium
            • Canada
            • Czechia
            • Denmark
            • Estonia
            • Finland
            • France
            • Germany
            • Greece
            • Hungary
            • Ireland
            • Italy
            • Japan
            • Korea
            • Latvia
            • Lithuania
            • Luxembourg
            • Mexico
            • New Zealand
            • Norway
            • Poland
            • Portugal
            • Slovak Republic
            • Spain
            • Sweden
            • Switzerland
            • The Netherlands
            • Türkiye
            • United Kingdom
            • United States
            Accession countries
            • Brazil
            • Chile
            • Colombia
            • Costa Rica
            • Israel
            • Romania
            Association countries
            • Argentina
            • China
            • Egypt
            • India
            • Indonesia
            • Kenya
            • Morocco
            • Nigeria
            • Senegal
            • Singapore
            • South Africa
            • Thailand
            • Ukraine
            • Viet Nam
            All Countries and Regions
          • DataChevron down
            Use, download and buy global energy data

            Data explorers

            Understand and manipulate data with easy to use explorers and trackers

            Data explorers

            Data sets

            Free and paid data sets from across the energy system available for download

            Data sets

            Policies database

            Past, existing or planned government policies and measures

            Policies database

            Chart Library

            Access every chart published across all IEA reports and analysis

            Chart
            Explore data
          • Reports Chevron down
            Read the latest analysis from the IEA
            • Oil Market Report - June 2026

              Fuel report — 17 June 2026

              Oil Market Report - June
            • Sheltering From Oil Shocks

              Measures to reduce impacts on households and businesses

              Fuel report — 20 March 2026

              Photo depicts Aerial view of heavy traffic on a motorway in Perth, Australia, with a train running along the parallel railway line, several lanes congested with vehicles
            • GettyImages 2157213934

              World Energy Outlook 2025

              Read more

              Flagship report — 12 November 2025

            • The photo depicts a 3d rendered particle trail background. Magic sparkle trail effect. Shimmering waves with light effect isolated on black background. Lines swirl effect. Abstract motion.

              Energy Technology Perspectives 2026

              Read more

              Flagship report — 26 March 2026

            All reports
          • Search
          • Bag
            1
          • User Profile

          Sign In

          You are connecting via IP recognition from
          .

          If you wish to proceed, click on Connect.
          If you prefer to log into your personal account, please sign in below.

          ConnectConnect
          OR
          Error
          Eye
          Error
          Create an account

          Create a free IEA account to download our reports or subcribe to a paid service.

          Join for freeJoin for free
              All content Reports Data & Tools News & Events
              Authors Countries Energy system Newsletters Policies Programmes Sectors Topics
                • Policy

                • Netherlands

                • 2010

                Formula E team

                …mobility In the Netherlands, the Formula E-Team, serves as an ambassador and pioneer for electric transport. The team brings together business, academia, and government to advance electric driving in the Netherlands. The Formula E-Team discusses progress and provides substantial advice to the government and other stakeholders on various aspects of electric driving. The team inspires these stakeholders to work together to devise creative solutions to problems that arise. The cornerstones of the Formula E-Team’s agenda are as follows: Stimulate policies for clean vehicles Stimulate development of a basic basic network of charging stations. Stimulate e-mobility…

                • Policy

                • Germany

                • 2016

                Income tax law

                Income tax law additionally promotes electric mobility. The benefit in kind in form
                of gratuitous charging at work, granted to employees by their employer, is
                exempted from income tax. Exemption is valid both for purely and hybrid electric
                vehicles. Charging infrastructure given to the employee for free may be taxed with
                a flat-rate tax of 25 %. The same tax rate may be applied for subsidies for charging
                infrastructure granted by employers.

                • Fuel report

                • Nov 2024

                Energy Efficiency 2024 How is the dumping of inefficient equipment affecting efficiency progress?How is the dumping of inefficient equipment affecting efficiency progress?

                Differing regulatory frameworks open the door to inefficient equipment dumping The efficiency of appliances available for purchase varies substantially across different markets globally. IEA market data shows that between emerging markets alone the differences are very large. For example, the median efficiency of air conditioners in the sub-Saharan Africa region is only 3.1 W/W, while it is 4.7 in Southeast Asia, close to the 5‑6.5 W/W the NZE Scenario foresees by 2030. At the same time, household budgets for the purchase and use of appliances differ strongly due to global wealth and income inequalities. The result…

                • Executive summaryExecutive summary
                • Does a heat pump work in a house with poor insulation?Does a heat pump work in a house with poor insulation?
                • How can energy efficiency alleviate rising heatwave-driven electricity demand?How can energy efficiency alleviate rising heatwave-driven electricity demand?
                • What is required to scale up energy efficiency investments by 2030?What is required to scale up energy efficiency investments by 2030?
                • + 1 pages

                Construction Workers Installing Insulation And Roof Panels Usa Shutterstock 1929213377
                • Country report

                • Jun 2025

                Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Regulating the sectorRegulating the sector

                Regulation plays a critical role in accelerating the adoption of heat pumps. This chapter discusses the range of regulatory tools available to Moldova, including building codes, appliance standards, restrictions on fossil fuel heating, energy labelling and heat planning or zoning measures.  Building codes and standards Buildings remain a major source of emissions and energy consumption around the world. In Moldova, households are by far the country’s biggest users of energy. Upgrades to building performance through energy codes are critical for lowering energy demand per square metre, as well as improving quality of life, reducing air pollution and making energy…

                • Executive summaryExecutive summary
                • Status and key indicatorsStatus and key indicators
                • Heat pumps in MoldovaHeat pumps in Moldova
                • Building the marketBuilding the market
                • + 3 pages

                Neighbourhood street in Moldova
                • Fuel report

                • Nov 2025

                Energy Efficiency 2025 IndustryIndustry

                How and where is energy used? Total final consumption in 2024 was over 450 EJ and has grown by around 25 EJ since 2019. Industry accounts for the largest share of this demand, at nearly 40%. Industry saw the strongest growth since 2019, contributing two-thirds of the total increase in global energy demand. The industrial sector can be divided into energy-intensive industries, responsible for three-quarters of total industrial demand, and less intensive industries, which are responsible for the remainder.In energy-intensive industries, energy is largely used in processes that require high-temperature heat, generally above 500°C. Efficiency improvements…

                • Executive summaryExecutive summary
                • IndustryIndustry
                • BuildingsBuildings
                • TransportTransport
                Cover Photo EEMR25
                • Country

                Turkmenistan

                Turkmenistan’s government is continuously investing in oil and gas, to modernise and expand the electricity and heat sector by 2020. Moreover, the energy sector is almost fully subsidised, with citizens receiving free electricity, heat and gas up to a certain level of consumption, until 2030, but the government is taking steps to reduce subsidies to curb domestic demand and increase exports. Turkmenistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.

                • OverviewOverview
                • Energy mixEnergy mix
                • EmissionsEmissions
                • ElectricityElectricity
                • + 5 pages

                Turkmenistan Flag
                • Country report

                • Dec 2025

                Powering Ireland’s Energy Future Executive summaryExecutive summary

                Ireland faces strategic choices to align its energy, climate and socio-economic goals through 2035 Over the next decade, decision makers in Ireland will need to balance a range of trends and policy ambitions that have strong implications for the power sector. Ireland has set a range of policy goals spanning the next decade, from improving energy security by reducing its reliance on imported fossil fuels, to meeting its climate targets, expanding its housing stock, and supporting the growth of digital infrastructure such as data centres. These ambitions all have strong links to the country's power sector, with implications…

                • Executive summaryExecutive summary
                Aerial view of Carnsore Wind Farm at Carnsore Point Ireland's southern limit point shutterstock 1895976976
                • Policy report

                • Oct 2025

                Indicators Handbook for Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions Purpose and Development of the HandbookPurpose and Development of the Handbook

                A flexible contextual approach The Indicators Handbook complements the Blueprint for Action as a flexible, pragmatic and evidence-based resource to provide guidance on tracking the implementation of the G20 Principles for Just and Inclusive Transitions.Each chapter corresponds to one of the G20 principles. For each principle, the Handbook presents emerging practices and approaches from several country case studies, illustrating both indicators and methodologies for tracking progress, monitoring effectiveness and designing better policies. Each chapter also includes lessons learned from international experience and key considerations relevant to measuring the specific issues associated with the principle.The indicators proposed for…

                • IntroductionIntroduction
                • Purpose and Development of the HandbookPurpose and Development of the Handbook
                • Key findings from workshops on challenges and opportunities for tracking progress on just and inclusive energy transitionsKey findings from workshops on challenges and opportunities for tracking progress on just and inclusive energy transitions
                • Report

                • Nov 2025

                Global Energy and Climate Model Understanding GEC Model scenariosUnderstanding GEC Model scenarios

                Overview The IEA’s medium- to long-term outlook publications – including the World Energy Outlook (WEO) and Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) – use a scenario approach relying on the Global Energy and Climate (GEC) Model to examine future energy trends.Each scenario has the same starting point and is based on the latest data for energy supply and demand, markets, technology costs and policies, as well as the same pathways for future population and economic growth.The energy system described and explored in each scenario evolves in a distinctive pathway that delivers energy services with a different mix of technologies and…

                • Understanding GEC Model scenariosUnderstanding GEC Model scenarios
                • Current Policies Scenario (CPS)Current Policies Scenario (CPS)
                • Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
                • Accelerating Clean Cooking and Electricity Services Scenario (ACCESS)Accelerating Clean Cooking and Electricity Services Scenario (ACCESS)
                • + 6 pages

                Gettyimages 162334856 Ext
                • Country

                Sudan

                Most of Sudan’s electricity generation comes from hydropower, and more than half of the Eastern African region’s total oil-based capacity is located in the country. Sudan is also contemplating scaling up projects on solar power in the coming years.

                • OverviewOverview
                • Energy mixEnergy mix
                • EmissionsEmissions
                • ElectricityElectricity
                • + 5 pages

                Sudan Flag
              Previous page Prev
              Next Next page

              Newsletters

              The best of the IEA sent straight to your inbox

              Subscribe to newsletters

              Podcasts

              Top energy experts put IEA analysis in context

              Listen to our podcast
              • Understand energy
              • Reports
              • News and commentaries
              • Events
              • Energy system
              • Topics
              • Countries and regions
              • Glossary
              • Explore data
              • Data explorers
              • Data sets
              • Policies database
              • Chart library
              • Energy Statistics Browser
              • IEA essentials
              • About
              • Mission
              • Membership
              • Structure
              • Programmes
              • International collaborations
              • Technology collaboration
              • Training
              • Connect
              • Contact
              • Press
              • Careers
              • Internships
              • Delegates
              • Help centre
              IEA
              © 2026 IEA
              • Terms
              • Privacy
              • youtube
              • linkedin
              • bluesky
              • facebook
              • instagram
              • x (formally twitter)
              Back to top

              Subscription successful

              Thank you for subscribing. You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking the link at the bottom of any IEA newsletter.