• Country

        Luxembourg

        Luxembourg has a fossil fuel intensive energy mix driven by a high demand for transportation fuels, notably from transiting freight trucks and commuters. Despite this demand, the country is committed to reducing emissions. Its climate law sets targets for a 55% emission reduction by 2030 and climate neutrality target by 2050. The government has adopted numerous measures to push for energy transition, including a carbon tax which was introduced in 2020 and encouraging renewable generation through subsidies and auctions. Several programmes also support energy efficiency in buildings, industry and transportation, with a target for 49% of all passenger cars to…

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        • Country

        Ireland

        Ireland put in place an ambitious and comprehensive set of policies and targets to reach net zero by 2050 and 80% of renewable electricity generation by 2030, but now their implementation needs to accelerate. Natural gas will remain an important part of the energy mix at least until the mid-2030s, especially to meet peak electricity demand, but offshore renewable energy will become the cornerstone of Ireland’s energy transition beyond 2030. Given Ireland’s current exclusive reliance on energy imports from the United Kingdom, energy security is a major concern to the government while transitioning to a (variable) renewables…

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        • Country

        The Netherlands

        The Netherlands aims to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050, and numerous measures have been introduced to support achievement of this goal. A competitive auctions process awards subsidies to renewables, hydrogen and carbon capture, based on avoided CO2 emissions. An offshore wind roadmap is driving rapid deployment and aims for 11.5 GW of capacity by 2030, while strong innovation programmes support deployment of key decarbonisation technologies. Electricity from solar has experienced an impressive growth, with the Netherlands ranking among the top countries in the world for installed PV capacity per capita. The Netherlands will need to closely monitor…

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        • Country

        Iraq

        Iraq holds abundant oil and gas resources and has strong solar PV potential. Its production to 2030 is set to be third largest contributor to global oil supply. By the same year, the government expects that renewable capacity will amount for 5% of the country’s total system capacity.

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        • Commentary

        • 02 Mar 2026

        Copper prices have hit record highs, but smelters face mounting strategic pressures

        …despite the robust demand growth outlook, there are major challenges in increasing copper supply. Based on the current project pipeline, the IEA anticipates that the copper market could face a supply deficit of 30% by 2035.The challenges around developing new copper supply are driven by declining copper ore grades – the average global grade of copper mines has decreased 40% since 1991 – rising capital costs and increasing project complexity. The average capital intensity for expanding existing projects (brownfield) has also increased by 65% since 2020, approaching levels typically associated with new greenfield projects. These challenges are compounded by a rapidly…

        • Country

        Australia

        Established under the 2022 Climate Change Act, Australia's climate goals include doubling emissions reductions by 2030 and reaching Net Zero emissions by 2050, while ensuring a just and inclusive energy transition through the guidance of the Net Zero Authority under the Prime Minister’s office. By 2030, the government aims to reach the clean electricity target of 82% of renewable energy. In addition to this target, Australia is implementing a new 2030 critical minerals strategy and gas market reforms to boost energy security during the transition. Flexibility, fuel availability and resilient infrastructure will become even more vital as Australia…

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        • Commentary

        • 22 Mar 2026

        Wired for water: How electrification is transforming desalination

        …1 billion to more than 3 billion. Three-quarters of this growth occurred in extremely high-stress regions, areas where 30% of the global population live today.  Around 85% live in emerging market and developing economies. Major population growth centres are already affected: in India, over 70% of the population lives in highly stressed areas, particularly in the northeast, and the number of people facing water stress today equals the country’s total population in the early 2000s.The Middle East and North Africa, home to 490 million people in 2024, faces extreme water stress. Around 75% of the population…

        • Country

        United Kingdom

        …2050 and to put in place carbon budgets. UK emissions have already fallen by around 50% since 1990, indicating a strong start. Looking ahead, an important pillar of the energy transition will be decarbonising the power sector through sizeable new investments in renewables and nuclear while also focusing on new technologies such as CCUS, hydrogen and small modular reactors. As a historic oil and gas producer, the UK is looking to address declining North Sea production and redirect the region's capacity to clean technologies. The strategies align with UK industrial policies to create new jobs and build manufacturing expertise.

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        • Commentary

        • 13 Mar 2026

        Why the growth of energy service companies is uneven globally

        …and shift technical and performance risks away from consumers.As highlighted in the IEA’s Energy Efficiency 2025 report, global ESCO investments grew by 10% in 2024, reaching a record USD 42 billion. Over the past five years, the sector’s average annual growth has reached 5% – more than double the rate since 2020.However, this growth remains highly concentrated and uneven. More than 75% of global ESCO investment occurs in just two countries -- the United States and China – where strong policy and institutional frameworks have spearheaded recent growth.In China, successive Five-Year Plans have provided sustained policy direction…

        • Energy system

        Electrolysers

        Country and regional highlights
        Progress is spread across different continents, from China, which leads on installed capacity, to the European Union, which have adopted important policies, and other regions like India and the Middle East moving forward with a small number of large-scale projects
        Technology deployment
        Global installed electrolyser capacity reached 1.4 GW at the end of 2023, almost double the one at the end of 2022
        Technology manufacturing
        Innovation
        Policy
        Investment

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