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Luxembourg 2026 Executive summary
Luxembourg has established ambitious climate and energy objectives, but more targeted policy measures are needed to meet them. Luxembourg’s climate and energy goals are aligned with the European Union (EU) targets for a 55% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030 and a 90% reduction by 2040, and it has legally enshrined net zero emissions by 2050. Despite rapid population and economic growth, energy-related emissions have already fallen by 40% since 2005, reflecting the success of early measures. Public support for climate action is also robust, providing a strong foundation for the next phase of the transition…
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Fossil Fuel Subsidies
This approach compares average end-user prices paid by consumers with reference prices that correspond to the full cost of supply. The price gap is the amount by which an end-use price is short of the reference price. Its existence indicates the presence of a subsidy. In a given economy, the basic calculation of subsidies for a product is:Subsidy = (Reference price - End-user price) × Units consumedThese calculations require substantial data. End-user price and consumption data are drawn from IEA data and, where necessary, from government sources and other reports. The estimates are also sensitive to reference…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit The Energy Efficiency Policy Package
The Energy Efficiency Policy Package
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Beyond NMC batteries: Supply chain issues for emerging battery technologies
The LFP battery supply chains are significantly more concentrated than those for nickel-based batteries Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries now supply almost half the global electric car market up from less than 10% in 2020, at the expense of the previously dominant nickel-based NMC lithium-ion batteries, due to improved performance and lower costs. This remarkable battery chemistry shift is leading to new battery critical mineral supply chains coming into focus beyond nickel and cobalt. Simultaneously, there is also the emergence of manganese-rich lithium-ion cathodes, sodium-ion batteries, as well as the anticipated impact of solid…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Macro drivers
…over the coming decades, but the total population nonetheless rises from 8.1 billion in 2024 to 9.6 billion in 2050. Population growth in the medium variant is not linear, and the rate of growth slows over time.Demographic trends differ by country and region. Ageing populations and slowing fertility rates mean the size of the population in 2050 is expected to be smaller than today in the European Union, Russia, Japan and China. In contrast, the United Nations projects a billion more people in Africa by 2050, accounting for three-fifths of the global population increase, and around a further…
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Ursula von der Leyen
President.
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Oil use in industry
Industry accounts for around 20% of global oil demand. Two-thirds of industrial oil demand is used as feedstock in the chemicals industry. There are options that can bring down oil demand in industry, and some flexibility on which oil products are used as petrochemical feedstocks. 10. Leverage flexibility with petrochemical feedstocks and implement short-term efficiency and maintenance measures Description: The majority of petrochemical production capacity in Asia and the European Union can technically switch between different oil products – such as LPG, naphtha, ethane or gasoil – as a feedstock without requiring equipment modifications. Prioritising the processing of oil feedstocks…
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Stepping Up the Value Chain in Africa Executive summary
Africa is endowed with vast energy resources – fossil fuels, but also solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal – and yet energy supply remains limited: Around 600 million people on the continent lack reliable access to electricity. This energy gap constrains economic growth and industrial potential, particularly in rural areas where agriculture remains the dominant sector in the economy. As African economies grow and urbanise, the demand for energy-intensive industries and infrastructure is rising. Strategic investments in sustainable industrialisation can create a virtuous cycle that expands energy access and drives productivity, which in turn can attract more investment.Market opportunities already exist. Globally…
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Electricity 2026 Executive summary
Electricity demand is set to grow strongly through 2030 as the Age of Electricity takes hold Global electricity demand is forecast to increase at a brisk average annual rate of 3.6% over the 2026-2030 forecast period, supported by rising consumption from industry, electric vehicles, air conditioning and data centres. Worldwide electricity demand grew by 3% year-on-year in 2025. This followed growth of 4.4% in 2024, when intense heat waves and strong industrial activity in many regions boosted electricity use. Looking ahead, annual demand growth over the next five years is set to be 50% higher…
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- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Production highlights
Highlights Hydrogen production reached almost 100 Mt in 2024, but less than 1% was based on low-emissions hydrogen technologies. Based on announced projects, low-emissions hydrogen could reach 37 Mtpa by 2030, a reduction from the 49 Mtpa estimated in the Global Hydrogen Review 2024 (GHR-24).More projects are reaching final investment decision (FID), although the total production capacity reaching this stage in 2024 remained at the same level as in 2023. Persisting technical and regulatory barriers, financial obstacles and challenges in securing reliable offtake, in particular, continue to delay and occasionally completely stall project progress.Despite announced delays and cancellations…
