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Critical Mineral Traceability for Energy and Economic Security Executive summary
Risks to energy and economic security from high levels of concentration in critical mineral supply chains became a reality in 2025. All of the IEA’s six focus minerals – copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements – are set to see strong demand growth, driven by their central role in energy and strategic industrial applications. Yet diversification has lagged demand, with processing and refining remaining highly concentrated. Risks from concentration materialised in 2025 as new export controls threatened the supply of materials critical to strategic and economically important industries.Recent years have seen a proliferation of new policies and…
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Tunisia
Tunisia mostly relies on gas imports to meet its primary energy needs: almost 97% of its electricity generation came from gas in 2016. However, energy policy puts the emphasis on renewable energy. Electricity generation from wind power strongly increased since 2014.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Scaling Up Transition Finance Sectoral insights
…transition finance.Heavy industry: The cement and steel sectors are a foundation of economic development and are major emitters, accounting for about 14% of direct energy and process CO₂ emissions. Near-zero emissions technologies are essential to achieve net zero pathways, these technologies are still in the preliminary stages of commercial deployment. In the near-term, transition finance can support interim steps towards reaching near-zero emissions solutions.Critical minerals: As these are the material backbone of energy supply chains, scaling mining and refining is crucial to meeting increasing demand driven by energy applications such as electric vehicles, battery storage…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Trends in other EV modes
…reached total cost of ownership (TCO) parity with diesel trucks in certain cases after 5 years of ownership. Strong policy measures from the government further incentivised growth: the renewed scrappage scheme offered owners up to around USD 20 000 to replace older trucks (i.e. trucks compliant with China IV emissions standards or earlier pollutant emissions standards) with cleaner trucks – either new energy vehicles or conventional trucks that meet China VI emissions standards. The subsidy is sufficient to cover around 20-50% of the average electric truck price premium in China. Decarbonisation targets for heavy industry have also strongly supported the switch to electric trucks…
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Energy System Resilience Executive summary
…Ukraine has faced a severe convergence of threats, creating a catastrophic humanitarian and energy crisis. Russian missile and drone strikes on electricity and gas infrastructure have intensified, and their impact has been compounded by one of the harshest winters in recent years. The power system has been hit especially hard. Ukrainian households have endured severe blackouts, with some areas – including the capital, Kyiv – losing access to power for 17 hours or more on a daily basis. As of mid-January, Ukraine's electricity demand reached 18 gigawatts (GW), while the power system's capacity stood at roughly only 11 GW…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Power
…from electricity generation rose by 1.2% in 2024 to around 13.9 Gt of CO2, following an increase of 1.6% in 2023.The global emissions intensity of electricity generation is on a contracting trend, with a record 3% reduction in 2024 compared to 1% in 2023. This improvement reflects the rapid growth in renewable energy and nuclear electricity production relative to rising demand. Cost On an levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) basis, renewables remained the most cost-competitive option for new electricity generation in 2024.Onshore wind remained the most affordable source of new generation globally in 2024…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Viet Nam
In recent years, Viet Nam has increased its non-hydro renewable capacity targets in its power development plan, from 9.4% to 21% of total installed capacity in 2030, and decreased the share of coal-fired capacity from 52% to 43%.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Brazil 2025 Policy recommendations for Brazil
…energy efficiency and thermal comfort standards into social housing programmes. Electricity 14. Undertake a comprehensive review of institutional, regulatory and market frameworks to ensure a secure, affordable and future-proof power system that recognises the contributions and capabilities of all actors in a diversified system.15. Incentivise all forms of power system flexibility resources, including existing hydropower and demand-side response, to integrate large shares of wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in a secure and efficient way. 16. Reform the electricity retail market to reflect correct and fair pricing of electricity and use of networks, and to jump-start demand…
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Pakistan
In Pakistan, most of the primary energy supply comes from oil and natural gas. Hydropower is the main renewable source of energy in the country but wind and solar PV’s shares are slowly growing. More than 40 million people remain without access to electricity and half the population lack access to clean cooking facilities.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Costa Rica
Costa Rica’s energy policy aims to move from a fossil fuels based energy system towards renewable energy sources and to expand its power generation capacity, replacing old power generating stations and developing new projects.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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