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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap The hydrogen opportunity
Highlights Ukraine has 18-38 Mtpa of technical renewable hydrogen potential, though economic constraints would result in lower potential. Most potential is in regions with scarce water resources and competition from other industrial activities. Domestic demand for use for steel and fertilisers could reach 2.2 Mtpa, if pre-invasion capacity is restored, and the government target has set a target of 7.2 Mtpa of production by 2050. Most hydrogen production projects proposed prior to the invasion are close to the border with the European Union.Ukraine has a technical potential for solar PV and onshore wind equivalent to 9‑14 times its pre…
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Malta
The National energy policy of Malta was launched in December 2012. It lists decisions and actions that have already been implemented as well as measures aiming to ensure the sustainability of Malta's energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
![Malta Flag]()
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Integrating Solar and Wind in Southeast Asia
Status and outlook for secure and efficient strategies Southeast Asia is experiencing one of the fastest electricity demand growths globally, with consumption set to double by 2050. While renewable deployment has accelerated in recent years, the region’s growing reliance on imported fossil-fuels for electricity generation, exposes countries to volatile fuel prices, potential supply disruptions and rising emissions. At the same time, the region possesses vast and diverse renewable resource potential. Variable renewable energy (VRE) - solar and wind - are now among the most cost-competitive generation options and are playing an increasingly important role in the region’s power…
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Global Methane Tracker 2025 Understanding methane emissions
…present explosion risks. The latest Global Methane Budget estimates annual global methane emissions to be around 610 Mt, with human activity responsible for almost two‑thirds of the total and natural sources accounting for the rest. IEA analysis suggests that the energy sector was responsible for around 145 Mt of methane emissions in 2024 – more than 35% of the total amount attributable to human activity. Oil operations were responsible for around 45 Mt, natural gas operations for nearly 35 Mt, and abandoned wells for around 3 Mt. An additional 2 Mt of methane leaked from end-use equipment. Coal accounted for…
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The Value of Demand Flexibility Executive summary
With global electricity demand rising and set to add around 1 000 TWh each year until 2035, new ways of managing the balance between supply and demand are needed. Demand flexibility – the ability to adjust the timing or amount of electricity use in response to system needs – is central to help achieve this balance. Advances in digitalisation, including the growing use of AI tools, are further enhancing the ability to deploy flexibility effectively.This policy brief, part of the 3DEN Initiative, presents a concise framework for understanding demand flexibility and its value across the energy system, highlighting that it can:Enhance power…
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Niger
Access to electricity remains a challenge in Niger and the country is reliant on electricity imports for a significant share of its supply. The country is an oil resource centre and it is one of the ten-largest uranium resource-holders in the world.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
![Niger Flag]()
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Cost of Capital Observatory Dashboard
Overview The dashboard is a free resource that provides data on the cost of capital focused on clean energy projects in emerging and developing economies. It also provides information of the main underlying risks perceived by investors and financiers in each country as well as case studies. We hope these resources will help drive policy changes that can lower financing costs in the parts of the world that most need it. For additional information on how to estimate the cost of capital, this IEA article highlights the importance of financing costs in the energy transition, defines what financing costs are (also commonly…
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Electricity 2026 Reliability
Largescale outages amid system instability, equipment failures and weather impacts As the Age of Electricity evolves, with steadily rising electrification rates and electricity demand, blackouts can impact a vast part of economies and social life. Outages induced by operational failures, technical error, or climate-driven events illustrate the importance of redundancy, resilience, and thorough oversight. The following list of outage incidents in 2025 underscores how ensuring the security, reliability and resilience of power systems is evolving from a technical challenge to a strategic necessity that requires unwavering attention from system operators, regulators, and policy leaders. Voltage management increasingly important for…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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+ 4 pages
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Scaling Up Transition Finance Financial institutions and transition finance
A complementary source of finance for transitions Transition finance rests on a practical partnership between corporates and financiers. Successful transitions need finance that goes where the emissions are; this means moving beyond the top performers and working with corporates with material environmental footprints that commit to transition strategies. A common alternative strategy, in which financial institutions simply shift emissions off their balance sheets, creates “financial carbon leakage” and does not reduce real-economy emissions.An IEA survey of financial institutions revealed that differences in regional taxonomies and frameworks pose challenges for cross-border financing. At the same time, it highlighted…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Coal
Global coal demand in 2025 grew moderately, remaining near 2024 levels Global coal demand in 2025 grew modestly above 2024 levels, rising by only 0.4%, an increase of around 30 million tonnes (or 0.7 EJ). This growth, which was in line with IEA estimates, was significantly below the 1.4% increase seen in 2024 and marked the end of the post-Covid rebound, with global coal demand growth slowing each year since 2021.Coal use in power generation diverged from recent trends in several regions around the world. In the United States, strong coal use in the power…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
