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Sweden
…which has proven effective at driving decarbonisation. Most of Sweden’s electricity supply comes from hydro and nuclear, along with a growing contribution from wind. Heating is supplied mainly through bioenergy-based district heating and heat pumps.
Most of Sweden’s greenhouse gas emissions come from the transport sector, which remains reliant on oil. The government has a target to reduce transport emissions by 70% from 2010 to 2030 and is supporting transport decarbonisation through electrification and advanced biofuels. Sweden is also supporting industrial decarbonisation and is home to one of the first major projects for hydrogen-based steel production.- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025
Critical minerals, which are essential for a range of energy technologies and for the broader economy, have become a major focus in global policy and trade discussions. Price volatility, supply chain bottlenecks and geopolitical concerns make the regular monitoring of their supply and demand extremely vital.The Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 includes a detailed assessment of the latest market and investment trends, along with their implications for critical minerals security. As in last year’s Outlook, it provides a snapshot of recent industry developments from 2024 and early 2025 and offers medium- and long-term projections for the supply and demand of key…
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Industry
Industry
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Rare Earth Elements
Pathways to secure and diversified supply chains The critical role of rare earth elements in strategic applications, ranging from energy technologies and advanced electronics to aerospace and defence systems, combined with their highly concentrated supply chains, has elevated their importance in both energy and broader economic security discussions in recent years. This report assesses the current state of the rare earth elements market, examining demand and supply dynamics and key technological developments. It analyses the full value chain from mining to permanent magnet production, evaluates vulnerabilities across supply chains, and highlights the implications of potential supply disruptions. Based on these…
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Gaining an Edge Unlocking the potential of energy efficiency
…and heavy industries In a competitive environment, firms are seeking to reduce costs, support sustainable growth and meet dynamic market demands. Energy is an important component of production costs in many industrial sectors, although its share varies by industry. These differences are influenced by the type and complexity of production. Heavy industries, such as steel, cement and chemicals, tend to be more energy intensive due to the large-scale processes and high thermal demands. Light industries, such as electronics and textiles, typically involve lower energy use per unit of output. Even within these broad categories, energy intensity – a measure of…
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Hydrogen
Low-emissions hydrogen projects are set to grow strongly despite wave of cancellations and persistent challenges
Worldwide hydrogen demand increased to almost 100 million tonnes in 2024, up 2% from 2023 and in line with overall energy demand growth. The vast majority of this was met by hydrogen produced from fossil fuels without measures in place to capture associated emissions. Sectors that have traditionally used hydrogen, such as oil refining and industry, remained the biggest consumers.
The uptake of low-emissions hydrogen is not yet meeting the expectations set by industry and governments in recent years, especially in light of…
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Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels
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Coal 2025
Analysis and forecast to 2030 Coal is a cornerstone of electricity generation in many countries as well as the single largest source of carbon dioxide emissions globally, placing it at the centre of international dialogues on energy. At a time of uncertainty and change for energy systems around the world, a range of different trends could shape coal markets in the years ahead.On the one hand, recent policy changes supporting coal could drive consumption higher, as could surging electricity demand in economies across the world, since two-thirds of global coal use today is for power generation. On the…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
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Rare Earth Elements Executive summary
…pure form. Their chemical similarities make them hard to separate during the extraction process, but their different physical and magnetic properties give individual rare earth elements distinct value for various technological applications.Permanent magnets represent the fastest-growing and most strategically important applications, accounting for around 95% of total rare earth consumption by value. High-performance neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB magnets) – primarily composed of neodymium and praseodymium, often with dysprosium and terbium as performance-enhancing additives – are among the strongest permanent magnets in the industry. These magnets underpin a wide range of critical technologies, including electric vehicles (EVs), wind turbines…
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Renewables for Industry Executive summary
Electrification of heat can improve efficiency, help diversify industrial energy, and enhance energy security A broad range of industries that depend primarily on low-temperature heat and steam processes represent roughly 70% of global industrial energy consumption. They span diverse manufacturing activities – from food and beverages to textiles, chemicals, transport equipment, wood products and paper. In 2023, these sectors emitted nearly 3 Gt of direct energy-related CO₂, accounting for half of all direct industrial emissions, although emissions have declined by around 8% since 2013.Industrial energy use is largely in the form of heat and is increasingly being supplied…
