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Austria
Austria is committed to reaching climate neutrality by 2040. Over three quarter of electricity generation already comes from renewables, with a target of achieving a 100% renewable electricity supply by 2030 (national balance). This requires investments to make networks more resilient and flexible, optimise demand side management, and updating the legal and regulatory framework to allow more consumer participation. Buildings and transport account for around half of total emissions . To progress the transition in these sectors, the government supports building renovation, switching from fossil fuels to sustainable heating systems, the electrification of transport and invests in public transport infrastructure.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Copper prices have hit record highs, but smelters face mounting strategic pressures
…some underlying factors, such as challenges in developing new copper mines and the anticipation of strong demand growth from electrification and artificial intelligence (AI). Lower interest rates, a softer dollar, a broader investor shift into physical assets and significant financial speculation have also amplified upward pressure on prices.The confluence of forces shaping today’s copper market – strong structural demand growth and elevated prices – may be good news for producers. However, today’s situation is unusual in that the crucial midstream sector is showing increasing signs of stress, amid a surge in smelter capacity additions in China. Copper is set…
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Oil 2025 Executive summary
…oil market dynamics have been defined by the parallel growth in US oil supply and Chinese oil demand. From 2015 to 2024, the United States accounted for 90% of the increase in global supply, with the shale boom lifting US oil production by more than 8 mb/d to over 20 mb/d. At the same time, Chinese oil demand rose by nearly 6 mb/d, accounting for 60% of the global increase in oil use. The picture to 2030 looks very different. Following an extraordinary surge in EV sales, the continued deployment of trucks running on liquified natural gas…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Steel
…as in 2024, at just over 80 Mt. Of this, 25 Mt has plans to operate as near-zero emissions by 2030 but comes from early-stage projects. The rest plan to operate using natural gas initially, with unclear timelines for transitioning to full near-zero emissions .Getting on track with the NZE Scenario will require accelerating these near-zero emissions capable projects to run as fully near-zero emissions by 2030. Success statements Global interoperability between leading existing definitions and standards for near-zero and low-emissions steel is established, and existing emissions measurement methodologies are made more transparent, interoperable and…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Nickel
Outlook for key energy transition minerals This report provides an outlook for demand and supply for key energy minerals including copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements. Demand projections encompass both key energy technologies and other uses under different IEA Scenarios. Supply projections are based on a detailed review of all announced projects. They show how today's geographical concentration evolves over time, for both mining and refining and how expected supply compares with primary supply requirements.
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Ensuring a Strong Labour Dimension for Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions
IEA Clean Energy Labour Council Workers play a critical role in the global energy system, providing key services across many areas of the energy sector. To give a greater voice to the labour perspective in energy and climate policy discussions, the IEA Executive Director, Dr. Fatih Birol, convened the Clean Energy Labour Council in 2022. The Labour Council brings together representatives of the world’s most important national trade unions and trade union confederations, as well as prominent thinkers on the topic, to foster engagement between the IEA, energy policy makers, and the labour movement.The IEA Clean Energy Labour…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Five key questions about hydrogen
…emissions hydrogen and conventional fossil-based alternatives, in both traditional applications like refining, and emerging applications such as steel, shipping and aviation. However, strategic policy interventions could unlock substantial demand in the near term. Key opportunities include focusing on existing hydrogen uses where technology barriers are lower, leveraging public procurement power, and implementing holistic policy frameworks that incorporate offtake requirements.International transport regulations hold promise, with frameworks from the International Maritime Organization potentially boosting shipping fuel demand. Traditional hydrogen applications represent immediate “low-hanging fruit”, while private sector initiatives can create lead markets among consumers willing to pay small premi...
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Albania
Albania’s Ministry of Energy recently launched an auction round for the construction of the country’s first large-scale solar plant. The country also has a National Strategy of Energy, which aims to develop an effective energy sector that guarantees security of energy supply and efficient use of energy.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Lithium
Outlook for key energy transition minerals This report provides an outlook for demand and supply for key energy minerals including copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements. Demand projections encompass both key energy technologies and other uses under different IEA Scenarios. Supply projections are based on a detailed review of all announced projects. They show how today's geographical concentration evolves over time, for both mining and refining and how expected supply compares with primary supply requirements.
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Designing an effective strategic stockpiling system for critical minerals
…Strategic stockpiles provide a way for countries to strengthen economic and national security, while also helping to deter future export controls and limiting their impact. Strategic stocks are an insurance policy against short-term disruptions Strategic stocks – held specifically for emergency purposes with the involvement of the government – have demonstrated effectiveness across various sectors. A notable example is the oil market, where stockpiles have played an important role in mitigating severe economic impacts for decades. After the oil shock of 1973, IEA member governments established a mechanism to build up and pool emergency oil stocks to protect them from being…
