• Country

        Russia

        Russia is the world’s second-largest producer of natural gas, behind the United States, and has the world’s largest gas reserves. Russia is the world’s largest gas exporter. In 2021 the country produced 762 bcm of natural gas, and exported approximately 210 bcm via pipeline.

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        • Country

        Peru

        Peru’s government identified the development of electricity from renewable energy sources as a public necessity of national interest. The country established a National Renewable Energy Development Plan to be funded by the Annual Budget Law, external debt operations, direct investments and contributions from international institutions.

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        • Country

        Malaysia

        In Malaysia, the share of gas in the power mix decreased from 67% in 2005 to 47% in 2015, led by policies to switch to coal in response to declining domestic gas production. The country holds a large share of Southeast Asia’s fossil fuel resources.

        Malaysia Flag

        • Policy

        • People's Republic of China

        • 2011

        The Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of The Peoples Republic of China

        …of China is a programme targeting economic growth, innovation, competitiveness and social developments such as education access. Economic growth in the main three sectors namely the farming, industry and services is a main objective. Specific emphasis is dedicated to Green development, environmental protection and energy conservation. The Plan includes binding global energy targets, with non-fossil fuel resources reaching 11.4% of primary energy consumption by 2015, energy consumption per unit of GDP decreasing by 16% and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP decreasing by 17% by 2015. The plan also incorporates specific deployment targets for renewable energies as China…

        • Policy

        • People's Republic of China

        • 2016

        THE 13TH FIVE-YEAR PLAN FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (2016-2020)

        Comprised of 20 Parts, the 13th five-year plan is divided into 20 sections, of which the following relate to energy: NEW SYSTEMS FOR DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENTAGRICULTURAL MODERNIZATIONAN OPTIMIZED MODERN INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMMODERN INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORKS NETWORKSNEW URBANIZATIONDEVELOPMENT COORDINATED BETWEEN REGIONSECOSYSTEMS AND THE ENVIRONMENTRelevant to energy efficiency are various measures, including:"100, 1,000, 10,000" energy conservation initiative to the top 100 energy consuming enterprises and top 1,000 energy consuming enterprises on the provincial government level and other high energy consuming sectors to reduce energy consumption facilitate energy management;Water conservation to supress usage below 670 billion cubic centimeters and encourage…

        • Policy

        • People's Republic of China

        • 2011

        THE 12TH FIVE-YEAR PLAN FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (2011-2015)

        …of China is a programme targeting economic growth, innovation, competitiveness and social developments such as education access. Economic growth in the main three sectors namely the farming, industry and services is a main objective. Specific emphasis is dedicated to Green development, environmental protection and energy conservation.The Plan includes binding energy targets, with non-fossil fuel resources reaching 11.4% of primary energy consumption by 2015, energy consumption per unit of GDP decreasing by 16% and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP decreasing by 17% by 2015. The plan also incorporates specific deployment targets for renewable energies as China will…

        • Country

        Switzerland

        Switzerland has notably decoupled economic growth from energy use despite strong population growth. This trend should continue, and the energy efficiency first principle should be reflected in all climate and energy legislation. Reaching the 2050 net zero emissions target and addressing the growing winter electricity gap between demand and production requires an unprecedented volume of additional renewable generation capacity, especially wind and hydro. For this, the country needs to shorten the complex and extended administrative and legal permitting process. This will also help advancing investments in grid infrastructure to prepare for more decentralised and variable generation. Switzerland should also align…

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        • Country

        Tajikistan

        Hydropower is the main source of energy in Tajikistan, followed by imported oil, gas and coal. However, Tajikistan's energy sector is prone to supply shocks, due to seasonal shortages. Energy policy focuses on providing uninterrupted energy access to all users while improving regional co‑operation and energy sector efficiency, but significant domestic and foreign investment will be necessary for continued energy sector development. Tajikistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.

        Tajikistan Flag

        • Chart

        • 17 Oct 2025

        Global observed inventory change, 1Q2022-3Q2025

        China United States

        • Chart

        • 22 Dec 2025

        Upstream Commitment of major Chinese national oil companies, 2010-2024

        China Investment Oil Fossil Fuels

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