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Global Energy Review 2025 CO2 Emissions
…by 2.3% or 62 Mt CO2. Emissions growth was lower than global GDP growth (+3.2%), restoring the decades-long trend of decoupling emissions growth from economic growth, which had been disrupted in 2021. Natural gas and coal drove the increase in emissions Natural gas emissions rose by around 2.5% (180 Mt CO₂) in 2024, making it the largest contributor to global carbon emissions growth. This increase was driven by higher consumption in China, the United States, the Middle East, and India. Global coal emissions rose by 0.9% (135 Mt CO₂) in 2024. The increase was primarily fuelled by…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Current Policies Scenario
…to the average annual increase over the last decade: global industrial output, appliance ownership and demands for mobility all increase, while energy efficiency gains are modest. Demand for oil rises to 113 million barrels per day by 2050, mainly due to its increased use in emerging market and developing economies for road transport, petrochemical feedstocks, and aviation. Electric vehicle (EV) uptake stalls in regions lacking strong policy support: China and Europe are the main exceptions, and they see continued growth in EV sales. Global natural gas demand rises to 5 600 billion cubic metres by 2050: demand in the Middle East increases strongly…
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State of Energy Policy 2026 Executive summary
…compared with 11% in 2010. Disruptions resulting from the conflict in the Middle East have prompted the use of these emergency measures, including the collective action decision of 11 March 2026, which made 400 million barrels of oil from IEA emergency reserves available to the market. The current disruption has also triggered announcements of new and strengthened emergency storage capacity, notably in Indonesia and Viet Nam, as well as exceptional demand-restraint measures, including energy conservation campaigns, work‑from‑home policies and fuel rationing.Decades of policy efforts have diversified countries’ energy mixes and suppliers and improved efficiency. Fuel diversification efforts, also rooted in the energy...
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Global EV Outlook 2026
The Global EV Outlook is an annual publication that identifies and assesses recent developments in electric mobility across the globe.Combining analysis of historical data with projections, the report examines key areas of interest, such as the deployment of electric vehicles and charging infrastructure, battery demand, and key policy developments in major and emerging markets. It also considers the implications of growing EV adoption for electricity and oil consumption, as well as greenhouse gas emissions.Amid the ongoing energy crisis sparked by the conflict in the Middle East, this edition includes early monthly data for 2026 and considers potential implications…
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Gas Market Report, Q2-2026
…liquefaction facilities in the Middle East is altering the medium-term outlook. The conflict is now expected to delay a significant amount of new LNG capacity that had been on track to come online in the second half of this decade. While gas producers are making efforts to increase supply, the demand side is set to play a key role in balancing the market – particularly in Asia, where fuel switching is already picking up alongside energy-saving measures.The current energy crisis highlights the need to further strengthen the architecture of global gas supply security. The International Energy Agency (IEA…
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Gas Market Report, Q3-2025
…uncertainties that could affect this report’s short-term forecasts. The conflict between Israel and Iran highlighted the Middle East’s important role in energy security and served as a stark reminder that geopolitical tensions can easily distort a still-fragile global gas balance. This report includes a special section on the Middle East. Meanwhile, global LNG supply growth is set to accelerate in 2026 to its fastest pace since 2019, primarily driven by additions in the United States, Canada and Qatar. Easing supply fundamentals are expected to support stronger gas demand growth, especially in key Asian import markets.
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Wired for water: How electrification is transforming desalination
…areas has risen by almost 1 billion to more than 3 billion. Three-quarters of this growth occurred in extremely high-stress regions, areas where 30% of the global population live today. Around 85% live in emerging market and developing economies. Major population growth centres are already affected: in India, over 70% of the population lives in highly stressed areas, particularly in the northeast, and the number of people facing water stress today equals the country’s total population in the early 2000s.The Middle East and North Africa, home to 490 million people in 2024, faces extreme water stress…
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State of Energy Policy 2026 Climate pledges
…is reflected in the methodology and aggregate figures in this report. Countries accounting for around 85% and 45% of regional emissions in North Africa and the Middle East, respectively, also remain poorly covered by new NDCs. The annual pace of mitigation in the new NDCs is, in aggregate, not significantly higher than in the revised 2030 NDCs submitted around COP26 in Glasgow. The IEA estimates that the new round of NDCs implies global energy-related CO₂ emissions continuing to increase by an average of 0.4% per year from 2024 to 2035, and declining slightly by 0.3% if conditional commitments are…
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2026 Energy Crisis Policy Response Tracker
Explore government actions to conserve energy and support consumers in response to the energy market impacts of the conflict in the Middle East
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Reliance on Middle East Oil and Gas Supplies by Country
Compare selected countries’ reliance on oil and natural gas imports from the Middle East