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Cost of Capital Observatory Dashboard
…to calculate them. For this dashboard we estimated financing costs as the weighted average of the after-tax (or all-in) cost of debt and the minimum expected equity internal rate of return (IRR).In 2025, the third year that we have run the survey, we continued to expand our coverage in terms of geographies and technologies. We focused on collecting data from the five key countries initially within the scope of the Observatory– Brazil, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and South Africa – but also conducted additional efforts to gather data on countries including Viet Nam, Senegal, Kenya, Malaysia, the Philippines and…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2024 Executive summary
…energy demand in Southeast Asia Eight of the 10 countries in Southeast Asia have net zero emissions goals: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Singapore and Viet Nam have set a target date of 2050; Indonesia of 2060; and Thailand of 2065. While momentum is building for clean energy transitions across the region, far greater efforts are needed to get on track for these national goals, which would mean cutting today’s emissions by almost two-thirds by 2050. Aligning with the targets agreed at COP28 and achieving global net zero emissions by mid-century would demand an even faster…
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Energy Efficiency 2025 Transport
…taxation policies can incentivise the purchase of more efficient cars while penalising less efficient ones, requiring less fiscal space from governments. Last, governments can promote modal shift by creating an infrastructure to make efficient transport attractive.Efficiency improvement through the electrification of two-wheelers is relevant in many emerging economies, such as China, India and Indonesia, where a large part of the population uses them for commuting. Policies such as electrification targets, infrastructure support including charging and battery swapping stations, tax exemptions and financial support can accelerate their deployment.For heavy-duty trucks, fuel economy standards play a key role…
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World Energy Employment 2025 Executive summary
…assembly lines – but it also reflects the creation of new jobs in areas like manufacturing batteries and installing electric industrial equipment.Demand for workers is increasing across all parts of the energy system, not just electricity, as the world remains thirsty for energy. Coal supply jobs have seen a resurgence in India, China and Indonesia in recent years, leading to global employment levels 8% higher in 2024 than in 2019, despite a 20% decline in advanced economies over that period. Oil and gas supply has recovered most of the jobs lost in 2020, as global production capacity continued to expand…
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Coal 2025 Demand
…expected to the level seen in the years prior to 2023. China’s share remains dominant, although its coal demand flattens as renewables expand and coal’s role in the power sector shifts towards flexibility. India emerges as the main source of incremental demand, adding 225 Mt from 2025 to 2030, while ASEAN countries contribute 127 Mt, driven by Indonesia and Viet Nam. In contrast, the European Union and the United States register further declines of 153 Mt and 106 Mt, respectively, as phase-out policies and fuel switching accelerate. In the rest of the world coal demand declines by 179 Mt, reflecting mixed trends across Africa…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Cooking fuels
…and targeted incentives can improve the affordability, provided supply chains can accommodate the increased demand.How governments can enable this: Governments can encourage those households to use their electric devices more when they own it or support greater electric appliances adoption with targeted incentives for lower-income families. Any incentive scheme should prioritise those with limited resources, and consideration should also be given to the availability of appliance stocks and grid capacity.Policy examples: Indonesia is accelerating the conversion of LPG to induction stoves to reduce fuel imports and subsidy burdens. In India, the government of Andhra Pradesh, for example…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Coal
…well as in heavy industry in China, where cement and steel production peaked in 2014 and 2020 respectively. However, this was offset by demand growth in other sectors, with coal increasingly used to produce chemicals in China, steel in India and nickel in Indonesia Flat coal consumption in China in 2025 drove a global slowdown China consumes 30% more coal than the rest of the world put together. As a result, it remains the main driver of global demand trends. Overall, coal demand in China in 2025 stayed very close to 2024 levels, recording a slight increase of 0.1…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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Global Energy Review 2026 Technology: Electric vehicles
…pushed Chinese manufacturers to seek export markets. In India, annual sales of all EVs reached a new record of 2.3 million units as electric car sales increased by over 75%. Electric car sales in Southeast Asia more than doubled in 2025, driven by sales in Thailand and Viet Nam. One of Southeast Asia’s largest car markets – Indonesia – also added significantly to the growth, seeing its electric car sales rise by 125%. Electric car markets in Latin America and the Caribbean saw around 70% annual growth, reaching close to 350 000 units in 2025. Sales in Mexico more than tripled…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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State of Energy Policy 2026 Executive summary
…compared with 11% in 2010. Disruptions resulting from the conflict in the Middle East have prompted the use of these emergency measures, including the collective action decision of 11 March 2026, which made 400 million barrels of oil from IEA emergency reserves available to the market. The current disruption has also triggered announcements of new and strengthened emergency storage capacity, notably in Indonesia and Viet Nam, as well as exceptional demand-restraint measures, including energy conservation campaigns, work‑from‑home policies and fuel rationing.Decades of policy efforts have diversified countries’ energy mixes and suppliers and improved efficiency. Fuel diversification efforts, also rooted in the energy…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Executive summary
…under 10% of car sales, though the end of EV tax credits coincided with a drop in sales at the end of the year. Meanwhile, some emerging markets saw steep increases in electric car sales. In Southeast Asia, annual sales more than doubled to reach a sales share of nearly 20%, led by Viet Nam, Indonesia and Thailand. In Latin America, sales grew by 75%, led by Brazil and Mexico. More than 100 countries recorded electric car sales growth in 2025, and in one-third of these, they represented at least 10% of new car sales. Chinese automakers supplied 60%…
