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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Executive summary
The hydrogen sector continues to grow despite persistent barriers and project cancellations Global hydrogen demand increased to almost 100 million tonnes (Mt) in 2024, up 2% from 2023 and in line with overall energy demand growth. This rise was driven by greater use in sectors that have traditionally consumed hydrogen, like oil refining and industry. Demand from new applications accounted for less than 1% of the total and was almost entirely concentrated in biofuels production. The supply of hydrogen continued to be dominated by fossil fuels, using 290 billion cubic metres (bcm) of natural gas and 90 million tonnes of coal equivalent (Mtce…
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Transport
…require a co-ordinated policy approach that facilitates decarbonisation across all transport modes and expands supporting infrastructure. Measures at various levels of jurisdiction – national, subnational, within cities and in multi-country regional blocs – must support progress in: Defining clear R&D priorities for all transport technologies. Improving the efficiency of all transport modes. Stimulating the uptake of zero-emission vehicles. Increasing the availability and use of sustainable low-emission fuels across the entire sector. Managing travel demand, distances travelled and car dependency; sustaining active modes of travel; and supporting the recovery of public transport.
Use fiscal instruments to stem transport…
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Global Energy Review 2026 CO2 emissions
…about 3.1% in 2025), indicating a continued decoupling between emissions and economic activity following the disruption observed earlier in the decade. For the first time since the 1990s, advanced economies saw higher emissions growth than emerging economies In 2025, global energy-related CO2 emissions rose more strongly in advanced economies than in emerging market and developing economies for the first time in nearly 30 years. Emissions in advanced economies increased by 0.5%, while in emerging market and developing economies, growth slowed to 0.3%.Emissions in China declined by around 0.5%, reflecting continued reductions in emissions from…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Electric Vehicles
Global electric car sales continue to break records as affordability improves
Despite recent economic headwinds that have put pressure on the auto sector, global sales of electric cars have continued to break records as electric models become increasingly affordable. Electric car sales exceeded 17 million globally in 2024, reaching a sales share of more than 20%. Just the additional 3.5 million electric cars sold in 2024 compared with the previous year is more than the total number of electric cars sold worldwide in 2020.
In 2025, sales of electric cars are expected to surpass 20 million, accounting for over…
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Portugal 2026 Executive summary
…Although Portugal has a national strategy on energy poverty, many support programmes do not reach those the most in need. At the same time, electrification, digitalisation and expanded buildings' renovations will require new skills and workforce redeployment. A people-centred approach is essential to ensure that affordability, access, consumer protection and workforce capacity are integrated into energy transition policies. Public support should be targeted to where it delivers the greatest benefit and drives broad participation in the energy transition.With clear progress on decarbonising electricity supply, the next phase of Portugal’s energy transition must focus on the electrification of…
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Financing CCUS at Scale
…models and effective risk allocation across the value chain.In this context, Financing CCUS at Scale is the IEA’s latest report on what it takes to move CCUS projects from the drawing board to operation. Building on expert interviews with leading financial institutions, the report investigates the distinctive economic and financial characteristics of CCUS projects, the impact of business models on commercial viability, and how CCUS projects have been financed to date. Based on these insights, the report provides targeted recommendations for policymakers on how to design policy, regulatory and financial frameworks that can more effectively crowd in private…
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Colombia 2023 Executive summary
…and wind developments. Extensive renewables potential in the La Guajira region should help advance rural electrification and close the energy access gap. Concentrated in the northern regions, which has a 50 gigawatt (GW) offshore wind potential, renewables can also provide the clean energy needed to jump-start Colombia’s hydrogen production. Colombia’s geothermal development also enjoys substantial potential along the Pacific ring of fire.In 2023, work is under way on updating the National Energy Plan (PEN) towards 2050, in line with Colombia’s new National Development Plan 2022-2026 (PND) and energy and climate goals towards decarbonisation. The new…
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Greece
Greece is making progress on its energy transition, including implementing reforms to standardise and simplify licensing procedures for renewable projects and investigating options for offshore wind. Coal fired generation, once the main source of electricity, will be phased out by 2028 at the latest and EUR 5 billion has been committed to assist impacted communities. Auctions are driving strong deployment of solar PV, onshore wind and battery storage. There are also projects for interconnections and renewables to decarbonise electricity on Greek islands. However, more effort is needed boost electrification and improve efficiency in transport and buildings.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Energy Efficiency 2025 Buildings
…systems, are therefore some of the most important drivers of efficiency progress. Policies, such as energy performance certificates and retrofit incentives can help improve the efficiency of existing buildings. To accelerate the deployment of electric heating systems, such as heat pumps, governments can regulate fossil fuel-based heating technologies, harmonise labels for heating solutions, provide targeted rebates, or reduce the price gap between gas and electricity.In emerging economies, the number of buildings is growing almost twice as fast as in advanced economies, so efficient new buildings and urban planning are important to accelerate efficiency progress. Building energy codes, which…
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Panama
Panama's National Energy Plan 2015–2050 outlines long-term strategy for the country’s energy sector development, including renewables. The Plan established that 15% of Panama’s generation capacity will come from renewables by 2030 and 50% by 2050.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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