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Southeast Asia Indicators Handbook for Just and Inclusive Transitions
Energy demand in Southeast Asia is growing, driven by rapidly growing population and economies, industrialisation and urbanisation. Many countries in the region have set out their own national decarbonisation targets and clean energy transitions commitments.Clean energy transitions in the region present unique opportunities to deliver broad socio-economic benefits, beyond emissions reductions, such as the creation of new decent jobs, economic diversification, reduced energy poverty and improved air quality. Tracking these benefits can help ensure that all parts of society benefit from these changes.In 2024, G20 leaders endorsed ten voluntary G20 Principles for Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions…
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Brazil 2025
Energy Policy Review Government action plays a pivotal role in ensuring secure and sustainable energy transitions. Energy policy is critical not just for the energy sector but also for meeting environmental, economic and social goals. Governments need to respond to their country’s specific needs, adapt to regional contexts and help address global challenges. In this context, the International Energy Agency (IEA) conducts Energy Policy Reviews to support governments in developing more impactful energy and climate policies.This Energy Policy Review was prepared in partnership between the Government of Brazil and the IEA. It draws on the IEA’s extensive…
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Venezuela
The Venezuela Plan for the National Electric System aims to integrate renewables in the power system by including it in medium and long-term strategies. It aims to develop the use of renewables within isolated rural communities including solar, small hydro and biogas.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Transport
Transport
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Romania
By 2020, the objective of Romania is to guarantee the efficient operation of its energy system under security conditions. Romania also plans to meet the obligations set by EU in terms of greenhouse gas emissions through its legislative package “Climate changes – renewable energies”.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Southeast Asia
Highlights Hydrogen demand in Southeast Asia reached 4 Mt in 2024, almost 4% of the global total. Hydrogen production accounted for about 8% of the regional gas supply and 1% of regional CO2 emissions. Indonesia represents over a third of regional demand, followed by Malaysia (22%), Viet Nam (15%) and Singapore (12%). Nearly half of all demand is for ammonia, of which two-thirds comes from Indonesia alone. Refining accounts for a third of demand, with 40% located in Singapore; methanol represents the remaining 20%, with 69% in Malaysia. The region currently exports ammonia (15% of production) and imports methanol.Indonesia, Lao…
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Greece
Greece is making progress on its energy transition, including implementing reforms to standardise and simplify licensing procedures for renewable projects and investigating options for offshore wind. Coal fired generation, once the main source of electricity, will be phased out by 2028 at the latest and EUR 5 billion has been committed to assist impacted communities. Auctions are driving strong deployment of solar PV, onshore wind and battery storage. There are also projects for interconnections and renewables to decarbonise electricity on Greek islands. However, more effort is needed boost electrification and improve efficiency in transport and buildings.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025
Critical minerals, which are essential for a range of energy technologies and for the broader economy, have become a major focus in global policy and trade discussions. Price volatility, supply chain bottlenecks and geopolitical concerns make the regular monitoring of their supply and demand extremely vital.The Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 includes a detailed assessment of the latest market and investment trends, along with their implications for critical minerals security. As in last year’s Outlook, it provides a snapshot of recent industry developments from 2024 and early 2025 and offers medium- and long-term projections for the supply and demand of key…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2024 Executive summary
Southeast Asia is a very dynamic region and a driving force behind global energy trends, with a projected rise in energy demand over the coming decades second only to India. It has accounted for 11% of global energy demand growth since 2010 but is projected to contribute more than 25% of the growth over the period to 2035 in the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS), which indicates the direction of travel for the energy sector based on today’s policies. This increase in demand is underpinned by strong economic expansion, population growth, and Southeast Asia’s position as a global manufacturing…
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Scaling Up Demand Flexibility
From peak management to efficient system operation This report has been developed as part of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Digital Demand-Driven Electricity Networks (3DEN) initiative to examine the growing importance of demand flexibility in electricity systems amid rising demand, increased renewable energy integration and the electrification of power systems. Case studies in chronological order to examine the changing role of demand flexibility over time from South Africa (2025), Thailand (2030) and Ireland (2035) demonstrate how demand flexibility improves reliability, reduces costs, supports renewables integration and manages network constraints. To realise these benefits, the report emphasises the role for…
