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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Demand
…influence on global coal market dynamics.Coal-fired power generation, the main driver of global coal demand, also reached a record high in 2024, estimated at 10 766 TWh. In contrast, metallurgical coal consumption, primarily used in iron and steel production, remained relatively stable, with a slight decline estimated for the year.China remains the dominant player in global coal markets, consuming roughly 30% more coal than the rest of the world combined. Its power sector alone accounts for one-third of global coal consumption, underscoring China’s central role in shaping the trajectory of global coal demand. In 2025…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Southeast Asia
…existing ammonia demand to enable economies of scale in low-emissions ammonia production. Indonesia and Malaysia also have this potential for methanol production. State-owned enterprises provide an opportunity to decarbonise current hydrogen uses.Use of hydrogen for steel production could create an opportunity for Indonesia and Viet Nam, which are home to most of the region’s steel production and iron ore reserves, and for the Philippines and Thailand, which rely heavily on steel imports to meet demand. Hydrogen-based steel could contribute to satisfying the expected regional steel demand growth, but faces competition from China. In the maritime sector…
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Iron and crude steel production, 2015-2024
Iron and crude steel production, 2015-2024 energy system 2026
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Energy demand in iron and steel production, 2015-2024
Energy demand in iron and steel production, 2015-2024 energy system 2026
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CO2 emissions from iron and steel, 2015-2024
CO2 emissions from iron and steel, 2015-2024 energy system 2026
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- Executive summary
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
- Steel
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+ 3 pages
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Demand- and Supply-Side Measures for the Industry Transition
Policy brief As governments look to scale up lead markets for near-zero and low-emissions steel and cement, targeted policy measures can help overcome commercialisation barriers, capture emerging market opportunities and support broader government objectives. This policy brief explores a variety of possible policy instruments to stimulate demand and supply of such industrial materials, providing options that governments could adopt and adapt as part of their industrial policy framework – tailored to their unique circumstances to enhance effectiveness – along with practical next steps towards implementation.
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Demand and Supply Measures for the Steel and Cement Transition
The case for international co-ordination A massive scale-up of markets for transformative near-zero emissions steel and cement is needed to achieve internationally agreed net zero goals. Yet early movers on both the supply- and demand-side – that is, material producers and consumers – face substantial barriers related to high costs and risks, among other factors. This has led to relatively slow market growth for near-zero emissions materials, at a moment when reinvesting in long-lived high-emissions production could have repercussions for governments to achieve their stated climate goals. Policy makers have the opportunity to play a…
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Copper
Outlook for key energy transition minerals This report provides an outlook for demand and supply for key energy minerals including copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements. Demand projections encompass both key energy technologies and other uses under different IEA Scenarios. Supply projections are based on a detailed review of all announced projects. They show how today's geographical concentration evolves over time, for both mining and refining and how expected supply compares with primary supply requirements.