• Country

        Estonia

        Estonia has achieved a notable reduction in greenhouse gas emissions thanks mainly to lowering its reliance on electricity generation from domestic oil shale, an energy rich sedimentary rock. However, oil shale remains the main energy source and imported fossil fuels still plan a major role, especially in transport. Estonia’s forests, which historically offset significant greenhouse gas emissions, have become a net emissions source. Estonia is aiming to accelerate its clean energy transition with a target to cover 100% of annual electricity demand with renewables by 2030 as part of a larger package to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. It…

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        • Country report

        • Jul 2025

        National Climate Resilience Assessment for Algeria

        Algeria’s energy system already faces significant disruption due to extreme weather events. Critical infrastructure has been impacted in recent years by flash floods, drought-induced wildfires and heatwaves. With the climate projected to warm more rapidly than the global average, these risks are likely to intensify. Proactive measures to enhance the resilience of Algeria’s energy system could offer substantial benefits.Algeria has experienced significant warming, averaging 0.49 °C per decade from 2000 to 2023 and exceeding the global average of 0.37 °C per decade. Temperatures are expected to rise further, reaching up to 5.6 °C above pre‑industrial levels…

        • Country

        United Arab Emirates

        The majority of the energy produced in the United Arab Emirates is from natural gas and oil. The country is also a major exporter of oil and gas and it started using its strong solar PV potential in 2014 to produce electricity.

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        • Country

        Eritrea

        Less than half of the population of Eritrea has access to electricity. Most of the country's electricity generation comes from imported oil.

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        • Country

        Croatia

        Croatia's National Energy Strategy 2009-2020 has three basic objectives: increase security of energy supply, develop competitive energy system and ensure sustainable energy sector development. These objectives are particularly important for the country, as it is heavily dependent on energy imports, resulting in its vulnerability to energy prices fluctuations.

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        • Country

        Angola

        Angola is set to become the largest producer of crude oil in Southern Africa, yet has also set the foundation for the sustainable development of renewables, through investments and supportive measures. Angola has particularly strong hydropower generation potential that remains underutilised.

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        • Country

        Kazakhstan

        Kazakhstan is a significant producer of coal, crude oil and natural gas, and a major energy exporter. While coal dominates the country’s energy mix, renewable sources of energy are a small but growing share of Kazakhstan’s electricity generation. Gas pipeline network expansion remains a priority, in order to expand access and reduce reliance on coal and LPG for household consumption. Kazakhstan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.

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        • Policy

        • France

        • 2024

        Strategic Projects Guarantee

        France’s Strategic Projects Guarantee supports energy and raw materials projects. In 2024, it had the equivalent of USD 2.2 billion available to fund loan guarantees of up to 80% for investments above around USD 11 million. As of 2025, it can support French companies undertaking projects in France, in addition to its previous focus on French companies in projects abroad.

        • Policy

        • France

        • 2024

        Green Industry Law

        France introduced in October 2023 a Green Industry Law aimed at decarbonising its domestic industry as well as developing domestic low-carbon production capacities by providing investment incentives, cutting administrative delays to authorize new projects and strengthening environment-impact criteria in public procurement processes.

        • Policy

        • France

        • 2024

        Tax credit for investments in green industries- Heat pumps

        France introduced in 2024 a tax credit for industrial investments in 4 key sectors, as part of its Green Industry Law aimed at decarbonising the domestic industry, as well as developing domestic low-carbon production capacities. Battery, heat pump, wind and solar PV equipment new production projects across the entire value chain benefit from a 20% investment tax credit. Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, as well as project beneficiaries operating in regions recognised under the European Commission Regional Aid Guidelines (RAG), benefit from higher tax credit rates.A related EUR 2.9 billion State aid was approved in January 2024…

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