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Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Sustainable transport in Armenia
…Soviet-era, centrally planned economy to a partially market-oriented one, with most enterprises now privately owned. Foreign capital investment began in the early 2000s and has been an important contributor to economic growth. In 2024, gross domestic product (GDP) stood at USD 25.8 billion.Armenia became a member of the European Union’s Eastern Partnership in 2009 and has been an observer to the EU Energy Community since 2011. Armenia joined the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in January 2015 alongside Belarus, Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation (hereafter “Russia”) (Kyrgyzstan followed in August), and in March 2021, Armenia and…
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Luxembourg 2026 Executive summary
Luxembourg has established ambitious climate and energy objectives, but more targeted policy measures are needed to meet them. Luxembourg’s climate and energy goals are aligned with the European Union (EU) targets for a 55% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030 and a 90% reduction by 2040, and it has legally enshrined net zero emissions by 2050. Despite rapid population and economic growth, energy-related emissions have already fallen by 40% since 2005, reflecting the success of early measures. Public support for climate action is also robust, providing a strong foundation for the next phase of the transition…
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Lithuania 2025 Executive summary
…While these are important achievements, Lithuania’s final energy consumption remains highly reliant on imported fossil fuels, notably in transport, and a significant share of electricity demand is met by imports. This report seeks to provide Lithuania with timely advice on how it can progress towards its energy goals, including in two focus areas: expanding the electricity system and decarbonising transport.Lithuania outlines a long-term vision for an electrified energy system and new industrial development. The National Energy Independence Strategy (NEIS) is formulated around four strategic goals: 1) ensuring energy security, 2) achieving climate neutrality, 3) transitioning to an…
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Scaling Up Transition Finance What is transition finance?
…bring emissions to zero. These investments have historically been difficult to categorise due to differences in energy pathways and timeframes across regions and have been the subject of debate, including over whether and how they should be supported.Transition finance refers to financial activities that can contribute to emissions reductions, particularly in hard-to-abate sectors as well as in emerging market and developing economies (EMDE) where finance needs are high but the support from green finance is limited. It is subject to an important process requirement, in that investments need to be grounded in transition plans, strategies or equivalents…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Net Zero Emissions by 2050
Acting now to limit overshoot The Paris Agreement set the global goal of limiting warming to well below 2 °C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5 °C. The IEA Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE Scenario) translates the 1.5 °C goal into a global pathway for the energy sector. The updated NZE Scenario presented here takes account of the most recent data and trends. Each country will tailor its own path to net zero emissions. The updated NZE Scenario is based on four central pillars that are widely applicable: clean energy electrification, energy efficiency, low-emissions fuels and methane abatement. The…
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Financing Clean Energy in Africa Clean energy investment landscape: setting the scene
…country risks generally requiring longer-term structural reforms, and more specific risks addressed with energy policy reforms.At the country risk level, the macroeconomic context has significantly worsened in many African countries, with average external debt on the continent increasing both in absolute terms and as a share of GDP, from 16% in 2011 to 31% in 2021. When combined with currency depreciations and US and EU interest rate hikes, this has driven up debt servicing costs, which are now double the level of clean energy investment across the continent as a whole. Energy sector-specific risks vary significantly by…
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Gaining an Edge Summary for policymakers
…increasing by 150% since 2015. Rising indicators, from manufacturing capacity to RD&D investments, signal ongoing market growth. Firms that position themselves as producers, as well as users, of energy efficiency technologies stand to gain market share at a pivotal time.While industry leaders recognise the competitiveness benefits of energy efficiency, they need help to overcome barriers to action. In an IEA survey of 1 000 firms around the world, around 80% of industry leaders report that efficiency is key to their competitiveness. However, respondents indicate that they face barriers to implementing more significant measures, including significant upfront costs and…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Clean cooking: State of play and recent progress
… Over the past five years, around 13 million people gained clean cooking access in sub‑Saharan Africa each year, 20% more than the average in the past decade, led by progress in West Africa and East Africa. On average around 12 million Africans per year gained access through liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), another 1 million gained access via other clean cooking solutions. In addition, 4 million gained transitional cooking solutions through Tier 3 improved biomass cookstoves each year over the same period.Clean cooking investment in Africa rose to its highest year on record in 2023, reaching USD 675 million – a growth…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Progress summary dashboard
Progress summary dashboard
