• Policy

        • United Kingdom

        • 2022

        UK ban on Russian oil

        The UK prohibits the import, purchase, provision, and transportation of Russian oil and its derivatives, along with related support services from December 5, 2022. 

        • Policy

        • Russian Federation

        • 1992

        The Law of the Russian Federation on Subsoil

        The provision of subsoil for use, including its provision for use by state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, is issued by a special state permit in the form of a license for the use of subsoil (Art. 11).The government can terminate a license for violation of its "essential" conditions, or for safety threats to the workers and the surrounding community. (Art. 20) The main requirements for the rational use and protection of the subsoil include (among others): ensure the most complete extraction from the subsoil of the reserves of the main and, together with them…

        • Country

        Kyrgyzstan

        Kyrgyzstan’s hydro-rich energy sector is characterised by aging infrastructure and significant losses, which are exacerbated by a combination of weather-related shocks and growing demand. Energy policy aims to improve energy security by developing indigenous energy sources and rehabilitating and expanding transmission and distribution networks. Developing sustainable energy and improving energy efficiency are also priorities, while slowly removing subsidies will allow for further investment and expansion of domestic resources. Kyrgyzstan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, which is focused on evidence-based policymaking in the energy sector.

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        • Country

        Moldova

        Moldova is almost fully dependent on fossil fuel and electricity imports, with natural gas serving most of its energy needs. The government plans to diversify the energy mix with renewables such as wind and solar. Moldova is part of the EU4Energy Programme, which focuses on improving evidence-based policy making for the energy sector.

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        • Policy

        • Russian Federation

        • 2022

        Strategy of socio-economic development of Russia with a low level of greenhouse gas emissions until 2050

        The Strategy defines measures to ensure by 2030 the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to 70% of the 1990 level, taking into account the absorptive capacity of forests and other ecosystems, and also determines the directions and measures for development with low greenhouse gas emissions until 2050. The Strategy involves the formation of an integrated national system for monitoring and forecasting GHG emissions.  Among other tasks it also has tasks:to increase in the volume of utilisation of associated petroleum gas, to develop and implement technologies for the capture, disposal and further use of carbon dioxide and methane, as well…

        • Policy

        • Japan

        • 2022

        Japan’s Export and Import measures against Russia and Belarus

        …export prohibitions against Russia and Belarus on certain items. The regulations related to the related energy technology products were first introduced on 18 Mar 2022 but were gradually enhanced along the years. On export, the prohibitions include:Duel-use goods such as machine tools, semiconductors, telecommunication equipment and their technologies (on Russia and Belarus)Quantum computers, additive manufacturing equipment and their technologies (on Russia and Belarus)Products that enhance industrial capacities e.g. dump trucks, bulldozers,  vehicles of a cylinder capacity exceeding 1,900cc, hybrid passenger vehicles (only on Russia)Items related to oil refinery (only on Russia) On imports…

        • Country

        Turkmenistan

        Turkmenistan’s government is continuously investing in oil and gas, to modernise and expand the electricity and heat sector by 2020. Moreover, the energy sector is almost fully subsidised, with citizens receiving free electricity, heat and gas up to a certain level of consumption, until 2030, but the government is taking steps to reduce subsidies to curb domestic demand and increase exports. Turkmenistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.

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        • Country

        Georgia

        Georgia has developed an energy sector based largely on hydropower and fuelwood, in addition to imports of fossil fuels. It is also an important transit country for the region, with major oil and gas pipelines running across Georgian territory. Efforts are required to improve energy efficiency and capitalise on the country’s renewable energy potential.
        Georgia has made solid progress in the past decade, both in improving the security of its energy supply and in transitioning to a cleaner, more sustainable energy system. Although Georgia is still confronted with many challenges in its transition to a more secure, sustainable and…

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        • Country

        Türkiye

        Rapid economic and population growth in Türkiye over the past two decades have not only driven strong growth in energy demand, but also an associated increase in import dependency. As a result, Türkiye has pursued a restructuring of its energy system with the aim of rationalising energy demand growth, lowering energy prices and slowing the pace of import growth.
        These reforms have included measures targeted at modernisation, liberalisation and increased domestic production capacity. Notably, Türkiye has seen considerable diversification of its energy mix in the past decade. Renewable electricity generation has tripled in the past decade and the commissioning of…

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        • Country

        Tajikistan

        Hydropower is the main source of energy in Tajikistan, followed by imported oil, gas and coal. However, Tajikistan's energy sector is prone to supply shocks, due to seasonal shortages. Energy policy focuses on providing uninterrupted energy access to all users while improving regional co‑operation and energy sector efficiency, but significant domestic and foreign investment will be necessary for continued energy sector development. Tajikistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.

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