-
Clean Energy Technology Supply Chain Data Executive summary
…goal of the Supply Chains Mission which was established by the United Kingdom in 2025 under the Global Clean Power Alliance (GCPA). The Mission aims to work with international partners to identify and deliver the changes needed to diversify clean power supply chains and resolve bottlenecks. This report supports the work of the Data pillar of the Mission by providing a high-level assessment of the current status of data relevant to clean energy supply chains and proposing a menu of possible actions to address data challenges, both at the national level and through international collaboration.While this work is rel...
-
Germany 2025 Executive summary
…era of its energy history draws to a close, another is coming clearly into view – the move away from nuclear, coal and Russian natural gas contrasted by the transition towards renewables, low-emissions hydrogen, heat pumps and electric vehicles (EVs). While the world has been buffeted by geopolitical and geoeconomic challenges in recent years, Germany has worked hard to accelerate its clean energy transition. This report seeks to provide Germany with timely advice on how it can progress towards its energy and climate goals, including in three key focus areas: 1) optimising electricity system operation; 2) decarbonising heating in buildings…
-
Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Key issues affecting biogas and biomethane projects
…to biogas policies of the early 2000s, supporting rural development or waste management. As provinces have gained gas and electricity connections instead, the focus has now shifted to mid- and large-scale plants with diversified feedstock mixes. In India, government schemes exist both for biogas from livestock waste in rural areas and organic waste in municipal urban areas. In the United States, landfill gas is currently the main biogas feedstock, but this is set to change as new policies have been introduced that support biogas produced from manure on dairy farms. Sustainability, life-cycle emissions and methane Over the…
-
Critical Mineral Traceability for Energy and Economic Security Executive summary
…from the survey, this report sets out the current state of play and identifies priority actions to strengthen the role of traceability in supporting energy and economic security. The OECD is set to release a separate report on the role of traceability in supporting resilient and responsible supply chains.Companies have begun implementing traceability systems, but uptake remains uneven across minerals, regions and supply chain segments. Based on the IEA-OECD joint survey, two-thirds of respondent companies report having some form of traceability system – 30% with full coverage and 40% across selected minerals or supply chains. Upstream companies are…
-
Cost of Capital Observatory Dashboard
…the Philippines and Thailand, although the data points for these countries were comparatively fewer. We also widened the scope to include utility-scale batteries, offshore wind and hydroelectricity power, in addition to solar PV and gas power projects. In the latest survey update in 2025 we asked for WACC data of projects taking final investment decision (FID) from 2021 onwards. An analysis of the latest data can be found in this commentary. The cost of capital is expressed here in local currencies, nominal terms and after tax. In cases where respondents to the survey provided a range instead of a…
-
Sustainable Transport for Georgia: A Roadmap Transport in Georgia: Taking stock
…1 billion GEL (1.52 billion USD). In 2023, transport and storage combined contributed 6.5% to Georgia’s GDP.Transport and storage employed around 8% of Georgia’s workforce in 2023. Cargo movements spurred by Russia’s 2022 full-scale invasion of Ukraine pushed up sector wages by more than 25%, above the national average, despite an 8.5% drop in employment from broader labour market shifts. Overall, Georgia’s strategic location, infrastructure upgrades and participation in regional programmes have bolstered its economic resilience, improved connectivity and supported sustainable trade growth. Economic reforms and liberalisation boost development prospects Georgia…
-
Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Production prospects to 2030
…demand in existing industrial applications, and scaling up supporting infrastructure such as CO₂ transport and storage networks and hydrogen pipelines. A further 7 Mtpa has moderate potential but will require intensified policy efforts to secure offtake in emerging sectors (such as steelmaking, maritime shipping and aviation), and to provide concessional finance to projects under development in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs), where regulatory frameworks remain nascent and access to capital is particularly challenging. However, more than half of the potential production in the pipeline has low potential or is uncertain to be operative by 2030. Almost half of these projects…
-
Gaining an Edge Energy demand and competitiveness
…determinant of long-term investment, jobs and business competitiveness. Finding ways to reduce energy costs while producing more or better products is good for both profitability and overall economic growth. While energy prices are volatile in many countries, recent high prices combined with instability and fragmentation in energy markets have widened energy price gaps between regions. Concerns centre on how higher energy costs erode profitability, push up inflation and cause industries to downsize or relocate, due to shifting decisions on long-term investment.Energy efficiency offers a way to structurally lower energy costs year after year, while providing the same…
-
Global Energy and Climate Model Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
…the World Energy Outlook (WEO). The intention of this scenario is to reflect the prevailing direction of travel for the energy system based on a detailed reading of the latest policy settings in countries around the world. It takes into account specific energy, climate and related industrial policies that have been adopted or put forward, as well as policy intentions not yet codified into law but supported by markets, infrastructure and financial conditions.Like the Current Policies Scenario, the STEPS is an exploratory scenario in that it does not target a predetermined outcome. Instead, it sets the starting conditions and…
-
Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Assessing the sustainable potential and cost of feedstocks for biogas and biomethane
…and methane yields are key indicators of how suitable a feedstock is for energy production. Biogas yield refers to the total volume of gas produced from a feedstock through anaerobic digestion, primarily methane (CH₄) and CO₂. Methane yield, by contrast, accounts only for the methane portion, which is the component usable as fuel. For this report, we considered the methane yield per tonne of dry matter for a range of different feedstocks. Emerging market and developing economies account for 80% of the global potential for biogases, which is concentrated in countries where the agricultural sector plays a prominent role in…