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Nickel
Outlook for key energy transition minerals This report provides an outlook for demand and supply for key energy minerals including copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements. Demand projections encompass both key energy technologies and other uses under different IEA Scenarios. Supply projections are based on a detailed review of all announced projects. They show how today's geographical concentration evolves over time, for both mining and refining and how expected supply compares with primary supply requirements.
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Rare Earth Elements Executive summary
…wind turbines, industrial motors and AI data centres, as well as medical, aerospace and defence applications.Demand for magnet rare earth elements (neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium and terbium) has doubled since 2015 and is set to expand further by a third by 2030 under today’s policy settings, thanks to growing electrification and the rapid deployment of new energy technologies such as EVs and wind turbines. Growth in automation, robotics and digital technologies plays an increasing role in driving demand beyond 2030, as permanent magnets enable precision motion control, miniaturisation and energy efficiency improvement for these applications. The supply of magnet…
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World Energy Investment 2025 United States
…production and in 2024 solar PV module manufacturing capacity nearly tripled to 42 GW.With a boom in Artificial Intelligence (AI), and subsequent investment in data centres (DC), companies are racing to secure sources of clean electricity. This has led to a surge in the US corporate power purchase agreement (PPA) market wherein technology and DC companies have been responsible for procuring 86 GW of renewable capacity since 2015. This has also created demand for next-generation energy technologies such as small modular reactors (SMR) and advanced geothermal plants, reaching agreements respectively for 26 GW (mostly SMR) and 265 MW as of Q4 2024…
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The Value of Demand Flexibility Executive summary
With global electricity demand rising and set to add around 1 000 TWh each year until 2035, new ways of managing the balance between supply and demand are needed. Demand flexibility – the ability to adjust the timing or amount of electricity use in response to system needs – is central to help achieve this balance. Advances in digitalisation, including the growing use of AI tools, are further enhancing the ability to deploy flexibility effectively.This policy brief, part of the 3DEN Initiative, presents a concise framework for understanding demand flexibility and its value across the energy system, highlighting that it can:Enhance power…
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World Energy Investment 2025 Executive summary
…United States, where supportive policies were motivated in part by the desire to challenge China’s position in emerging clean technology supply chains. Emissions reductions provide a powerful reason to invest, but are often not the primary driver for investment in technologies that are increasingly mature and cost-competitive. Investment trends are being shaped by the onset of the ‘Age of Electricity’ and the rapid rise in electricity demand for industry, cooling, electric mobility, data centres and artificial intelligence (AI). Ten years ago, investments in fossil fuel supply were 30% higher than those for electricity generation, grids and storage. Today…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Investment and innovation
…for hydrogen continued to fall in 2025, both in absolute terms and as a share of energy VC, down from a 13% peak in 2023 to 4% in 2025. Aviation attracted the largest share of hydrogen VC, with almost 25%.Hydrogen company valuations are being driven to new highs by one firm, while returns show modest signs of stabilisation and recovery. Bloom Energy stands out, adding almost USD 80 billion in market capitalisation in the past year, as surging electricity demand from AI data centres and long gas turbine backlogs boost prospects for its fuel cells, albeit initially running on natural gas…
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Key Questions on Energy and AI Executive summary
…Meanwhile, the capabilities of AI are improving quickly, increasing the likelihood that it will reshape economic growth, innovation and competitiveness and disrupt established industries and jobs.In April 2025, the IEA published its landmark Energy and AI report, which provided first-of-its-kind global analysis on the links between AI and energy. Since then, the field has evolved rapidly: new questions have emerged and new data has come to light. This report builds on the foundation of previous work, providing fresh analysis on key issues. It covers the outlook for data centre electricity demand considering recent market developments; innovations…
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Energy and AI AI and climate change
…expectations that AI applications in the energy sector could help reduce emissions by unlocking new optimisations and efficiencies. As over 100 countries – and the European Union – have targets to reach net zero emissions between 2030 and 2070, it is pertinent to explore what AI’s impact on emissions could potentially be. Global fuel combustion CO2 emissions are estimated to reach 35 000 million tonnes (Mt) in 2024. Data centres account for around 180 Mt of indirect CO2 emissions today from the consumption of electricity, not including any emissions from backup power generation. This includes all workloads by data centres, of which AI is…
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Energy and AI AI and energy security
…from the need to mitigate energy sector-related supply chain risks, which have implications for the scaling up of data centres to meet the growing demand for AI. Energy security is characterised by several elements that include, but are not limited to, first, reliable access to energy to meet an economy’s needs; second, the affordability of this energy with limited volatility in prices; and third, resilience against energy market shocks – or the ability of the energy system to quickly recover from them.A notable use case of AI towards the security of critical energy infrastructure is in places that…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Energy outlook to 2050 based on targets and pledges
…oil demand by 2050, equivalent to Southeast Asia’s current crude oil imports. In buildings, electricity’s share rises from 55% today to 85% by 2050 as appliances, cooling, cooking and water heating electrify.Electricity becomes the backbone of the APS energy system. Electricity demand rises by around 70% by 2035 and triples by 2050, reaching around 4 000 TWh per year. Electricity’s share in final consumption increases from about one-quarter today to nearly half by mid-century, compared with one-third in the STEPS. Buildings, industry and transport all contribute to growth: by 2050, electricity demand increases…
