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Spain
Spain is at the forefront of the energy transition due to its energy and climate change policies. The current Spanish framework for energy and climate is based on the 2050 objectives of national climate neutrality, 100% renewable energy in the electricity mix and 97% renewable energy in the total energy mix. As such, it is centred on the massive development of renewable energy, particularly solar, wind and renewable hydrogen, increasing energy efficiency and improving electrification. This is an opportunity for the country to not only stimulate the economy and by creating jobs through the modernisation of industry, but also to…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Benin
Benin is reliant on electricity imports for a significant share of its energy supply. Reform programmes, including plans for electrification, have been put in place in the country, where only 30% of the population had access to electricity in 2017.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Brazil 2025
Energy Policy Review Government action plays a pivotal role in ensuring secure and sustainable energy transitions. Energy policy is critical not just for the energy sector but also for meeting environmental, economic and social goals. Governments need to respond to their country’s specific needs, adapt to regional contexts and help address global challenges. In this context, the International Energy Agency (IEA) conducts Energy Policy Reviews to support governments in developing more impactful energy and climate policies.This Energy Policy Review was prepared in partnership between the Government of Brazil and the IEA. It draws on the IEA’s extensive…
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Mozambique
In Mozambique, around 40% of people have access to electricity, through the grid or mini/off-grid systems. The government has promoted solar PV solutions in rural areas, reporting that 700 schools and 800 other public buildings now have electricity from solar.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Portugal
Portugal is supporting decarbonisation through a wide variety of measures, such as, coal-fired generation was phased out in 2021. Portugal is further developing its large hydropower fleet, including additional capacity of pumped hydro storage. Portugal is an international leader for integration of wind generation, and auctions are driving rapid deployment of PV and battery storage. Portugal is pushing for better electricity interconnections with the rest of Europe. Portugal’s National Energy and Climate Plan sets 2030 targets for emissions reductions, energy efficiency and renewable energy that aim to put the country a path to achieving cost effective carbon neutrality…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Indonesia
Indonesia’s imports of oil have rapidly increased in recent years. This resource-rich nation is the world’s fourth-largest producer of coal and Southeast Asia’s biggest gas supplier. The country is the largest producer of biofuels worldwide and it is scaling up efforts to exploit its renewable energy potential. Indonesia's importance is underscored by its sizeable population of 250 million people – the fourth-largest in the world – and its significant role as a major producer and consumer of energy in regional and international markets. Indonesia is also the largest economy in ASEAN and an active member…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Financing Electricity Access in Africa Pathway to universal access
Mobilising the necessary investment Under the new Accelerating Clean Cooking and Electricity Services Scenario (ACCESS), investment of nearly USD 150 billion is needed to achieve universal electricity access in sub-Saharan Africa by 2035. This represents a six-fold increase in annual spending from today’s levels, facilitated by improvements to the regulatory environment, strengthened risk management by developers and risk-mitigation tools to support more private investment, and a more targeted use of concessional funds.Around 45% of households currently without access are connected via the grid under the ACCESS scenario, with financial support for households to reduce connection fees and…
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Germany 2025
Energy Policy Review Government action plays a pivotal role in ensuring secure and sustainable energy transitions and combatting the climate crisis. Energy policy is critical not just for the energy sector but also for meeting environmental, economic and social goals. Governments need to respond to their country’s specific needs, adapt to regional contexts and help address global challenges. In this context, the International Energy Agency (IEA) conducts Energy Policy Reviews to support governments in developing more impactful energy and climate policies.This Energy Policy Review was prepared in partnership between the Government of Germany and the IEA. It draws…
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Mongolia
Coal is the first source of electricity generation in Mongolia, but the country has recently begun using hydro, solar and wind power, and has adopted a law aiming to increase and regulate the use of renewables.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Energy and AI in East Asia
This report was commissioned by the Korea Energy Economics Institute and was carried out jointly by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Korea Energy Economics Institute. The study has three objectives in the context of East Asia. First is to explore the possibilities presented by AI for the energy sector. Second is to examine the expected increase in electricity demand by data centres, and the impact on grid planning and operation. Third is to provide policy recommendations for embracing the opportunities presented by the application of AI to energy, as well as policies for proactively managing the challenges presented by…
