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Economic growth
…of energy. It is also linked to increased labour productivity and other economic benefits. Key facts Compared with 2000, today’s global economy produces 36% more GDP per unit of energy. Energy efficiency progress over the last 20 years means that close to an extra USD 50 trillion can today be produced using the same amount of energy. This energy efficiency bonus is equivalent to adding almost two times the GDP of the United States without needing to increase energy consumption.Energy efficiency can generate broader economic benefits, with studies also showing improvements in labour productivity and public budgets. Key analysis Energy…
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Land-Use Competition between Biodiversity and Net Zero Goals
…To ensure that the tripling of renewable energy capacity by 2030 aligns with the goal of protecting 30% of the planet’s land and water by the same date, robust mechanisms that direct solar and wind projects away from the world’s most biodiverse areas are needed. To address the potential impacts of renewable development on biodiversity, the IEA developed the Renewable Energy and Land-Use Model (REALM), which identifies areas of overlap between renewable projects, critical mineral mining, and conservation priorities. Using Canada as a case study, this report highlights areas of potential land-use conflict and shows how…
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Mozambique 2024
…Review was prepared in partnership between the Government of Mozambique and the IEA. It draws on the IEA’s extensive knowledge and the inputs of expert peers from IEA Member countries to assess Mozambique’s most pressing energy sector challenges and provide recommendations on how to address them, backed by international best practices. The report also highlights areas where Mozambique’s leadership can serve as an example in promoting secure and clean energy transitions. It also promotes the exchange of best practices among countries to foster learning, build consensus and strengthen political will for a sustainable and affordable energy future.
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Policy Toolbox for Industrial Decarbonisation
…areas with nine categories in total that group policy instruments according to their objectives. These broad areas are: Framework fundamentals, including (1) Establishing plans and policies for long-term GHG emissions reductions and (2) Mobilising finance and investment; Targeted actions for specific technologies and strategies, including (3) Managing existing assets and near-term investment, (4) Creating a market for near-zero emissions materials production, (5) Developing technologies, and (6) Accelerating material efficiency and circularity; and Necessary enabling conditions, including (7) International co-operation and a level playing field, (8) Infrastructure planning and development, and (9) Tracking progress and improving data.
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Building the Future Transmission Grid
…expand and modernise the electricity transmission network infrastructure around the world is putting pressure on supply chains.This report explores the evolving landscape of investment in electricity transmission networks and key trends related to the supply chain of key components. Based on a survey of industry stakeholders in 2024 by the International Energy Agency (IEA), it provides insights into how increasing infrastructure needs are affecting prices of components, lead times and related market dynamics.Building on the analysis Electricity Grids and Secure Energy Transitions, this report identifies actionable strategies to address challenges related to the supply chain for grid infrastructure…
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Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency
As energy efficiency continues to gain attention as a key resource for economic and social development across all economies, understanding its real value is increasingly important. The multiple benefits approach seeks to expand the perspective of energy efficiency beyond the traditional measure of energy savings by identifying and measuring its impacts in full bloom.
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IEA Support to Accelerating Renewable Energy Permitting (ARPE)
…for renewable energy deploymentensuring public engagement and acceptance, and afinal workshop summarizing the project’s findings.The objective of these workshops has been to understand the challenges and priorities of the focus countries, share international best practices, and offer a platform for discussion. The IEA Secretariat brought together experts from across governments, regulators, civil society and industry. Invited speakers and discussants shared their experiences and lessons learned, providing multiple applicable insights for policy makers in focus countries and beyond.This webpage contains a summary of the main findings resulting from the ARPE action, as well as the summary reports containing…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025
…2025 and offers medium- and long-term projections for the supply and demand of key energy minerals, taking into account the latest policy and technology developments.The 2025 Outlook also explores key techno-economic issues such as policy mechanisms to support diversification; mineral supply chains for emerging battery technologies; recent innovations in mining, refining and recycling; and a broader view on strategic minerals for applications beyond the energy sector. As a new chapter, the report also includes a comprehensive review of mineral markets and policy developments in different regions. The report will be accompanied by an updated version of our Critical Minerals Data Explorer…
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Global Energy and Climate Model
…publications, including the World Energy Outlook series and Energy Technology Perspectives series.In 2021, the IEA adopted for the first time a new hybrid modelling approach relying on the strengths of both models. The integrated framework of the IEA’s Global Energy and Climate Model (GEC Model) is now the principal tool used to generate detailed sector-by-sector and region-by-region long-term scenarios across IEA publications, including the World Energy Outlook series and Energy Technology Perspectives series.Download the GEC Model Methodology document for an in-depth description of the overall approach and features of the model, and…
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Graphite
Outlook for key energy transition minerals This report provides an outlook for demand and supply for key energy minerals including copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements. Demand projections encompass both key energy technologies and other uses under different IEA Scenarios. Supply projections are based on a detailed review of all announced projects. They show how today's geographical concentration evolves over time, for both mining and refining and how expected supply compares with primary supply requirements.