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Renewables 2020
…renewable markets, especially electricity-generating technologies, have already shown their resilience to the crisis. Renewables 2020 provides detailed analysis and forecasts through 2025 of the impact of Covid-19 on renewables in the electricity heat and transport sectors. Executive summary Renewables’ resilience is driven by the electricity sector In sharp contrast to all other fuels, renewables used for generating electricity will grow by almost 7% in 2020. Global energy demand is set to decline 5% – but long-term contracts, priority access to the grid and continuous installation of new plants are all underpinning strong growth in renewable electricity. This more…
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France 2021
…the country’s nuclear fleet is ageing, and overall emissions are rising because energy consumption across the economy as a whole remains dominated by fossil fuels, notably in transport. Maintaining low-carbon power generation as a base for further decarbonisation and electrification requires timely decisions on the future electricity mix and accelerated investments. France’s economic recovery plan from the Covid-19 crisis and its 2030 investment plan will help accelerate its energy transition by driving progress in sustainable mobility, building retrofits and hydrogen. This report includes a series of recommendations to support France’s efforts to tackle these challenges…
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Energy Policies of IEA Countries: France 2016 Review
France has a significantly low-carbon electricity mix, owing to the key role of nuclear energy. However, much of France’s nuclear fleet is reaching the end of its lifetime. Against this background, France has started an ambitious energy transition: it is a world leader in designing a governance framework with a national low-carbon strategy, carbon budgets, a carbon price trajectory and plans for energy investment. France plans to reduce the share of nuclear to 50% in the electricity mix by 2025. While some nuclear reactors may continue long-term operation under safe conditions, maintaining security of supply and…
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Conditions and requirements for the technical feasibility of a power system with a high share of renewables in France towards 2050
…there is a general scientific consensus that technological solutions to maintain power system strength – and hence system stability – without conventional generation exist in several cases. Specific difficulties are expected in the case of a system with a significant share of distributed solar PV. Further assessment of the impacts of distributed PV on the distribution network is needed as well as their implications for electricity security. System adequacy – i.e. the ability of a power system to cope with load at all times – can be ensured even in a system mainly based on variable renewables such as wind and solar PV…
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Energy Policies of IEA Countries: France 2000
…French energy policy is also based on a strong public service tradition, a notion that leads it to address market failures as well as to pursue social, regional and territorial objectives. France is on the way towards instituting regulatory reform to comply with the EU directives on electricity and gas. This reform will have a major influence on the traditional utilities Électricité de France (EDF) and Gaz de France (GDF) that dominate the markets. Introducing competition while meeting public service concerns is a challenge for the French government. For example, full geographical uniformity of tariffs – a public service obligation – creates…
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Energy Policies of IEA Countries: France 2009 Review
…to expand infrastructure and interconnections with neighbouring countries. These efforts should make regional electricity and gas markets more stable and secure. In the nuclear power sector, France has created an independent Nuclear Safety Authority and established a comprehensive framework for managing all kinds of radioactive waste and materials.
Notwithstanding its policy successes, France faces a number of challenges. Its targets aimed at combating climate change are very ambitious. While greenhouse gas emissions in France are lower than the average among IEA countries due to the important role in electricity generation of nuclear power, emissions in the transport and buildings sectors… -
France Electricity Security Policy
…a disruption expectation of three hours per year represents a consumer cut-off expectation of less than two hours. This loss-of-load expectation is comparable to other European countries. Electricity infrastructure Networks: transmission and distribution France’s transmissions system operator RTE operates a very large network of 106 000 km of power lines (at medium to high voltage levels above 63kV, while most European TSOs only own/operate above 220 kV). RTE is integrated within Électricité de France (EDF) and since 2017, 49.9% of the shares of RTE are held by Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations (CDC) and CNP…
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Oil and Gas Emergency Policy: France 2012
In 2007, the IEA published Oil Supply Security: Emergency Response of IEA Countries. This report provided an overview of the IEA oil emergency response system and a detailed look at the specific systems in each IEA country for responding to an oil supply crisis. It presented the findings of a five-year review cycle of the emergency response mechanisms in IEA member countries. Since the 2007 publication, the IEA has started a new cycle of reviews which now includes reviewing gas emergency policies. Rather than waiting for the completion of the current review cycle to renew this publication, the IEA…
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Energy Policies of IEA Countries: France 2004
Energy Policy Review Energy Policies of IEA Countries: France 2004 The International Energy Agency's comprehensive review of France's energy policies and programmes for 2004. It finds that French energy policy – traditionally characterised by centralisation and strong government involvement – has been largely successful in achieving energy security, environmental protection and economic efficiency. The country must now adapt to a changing European energy context in which competition and an increased international scope will play important roles. Note : Les “Conclusions et recommandations-Synthèse” (9 pages) sont en français dans la publication.
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France Climate Resilience Policy Indicator
Country summary France’s temperature has increased 1.9°C since 1900, exceeding the global average for warming. This rising temperature trend is affecting energy demand patterns. While France’s peak loads still occur in the winter, a growing number of cooling degree days and higher market penetration of air conditioning could boost electricity demand for cooling in summer.Average annual precipitation has also increased, with some regional disparities. Although average precipitation has risen in northern France, it has fallen in the south. Heavy rainfall events are becoming more intense in the Mediterranean region.France has adopted a National Climate Change…