EU4Energy

Imports of oil and gas cover 77% of Armenia’s energy needs. Current energy policy is focused on developing indigenous energy sources, mainly renewable, and on replacing the country’s main nuclear reactor. Energy Efficiency policy has also become a bigger priority as energy security and reliability remain key focus areas.

Energy efficiency is playing an increasingly important role in Azerbaijan's energy transition. A new legal framework and corresponding policies and strategies, as well as a new dedicated fund for energy efficiency, signal that Azerbaijan is moving towards a more rational use of its domestic and imported energy resources. 

EU4Energy support Azerbaijan's journey towards greater efficiency across its economy. This report provides a series of recommendations, in the form of a summary roadmap, designed to offer inputs on energy efficiency strategy formulation and policymaking over the coming decades to 2040.

Georgia has developed an energy sector based largely on hydropower and fuelwood, in addition to imports of fossil fuels. It is also an important transit country for the region, with major oil and gas pipelines running across Georgian territory. Efforts are required to improve energy efficiency and capitalise on the country’s renewable energy potential.

Georgia has made solid progress in the past decade, both in improving the security of its energy supply and in transitioning to a cleaner, more sustainable energy system. Although Georgia is still confronted with many challenges in its transition to a more secure, sustainable and affordable energy future, the government recognises most of them and is considering various measures to address them. Georgia is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policy making for the energy sector.

Moldova is largely dependent on fossil fuel and electricity imports, with the vast majority of its natural gas imports coming from the Russian Federation. Moldova has made considerable efforts to diversify their supply sources and increase the security of both electricity and gas supply. Further integration with Europe for both gas and electricity imports is ongoing as Moldova prioritises moving away from Russian sources of energy.

The recent expansion of Moldova’s solar and wind capacity also means that heat pumps can now play a greater role in cutting greenhouse gas emissions and lowering local air pollution. This roadmap takes stock of the current landscape, draws on the experience of other countries and offers policy recommendations to spark a discussion and advance heat pump adoption in Moldova.

Ukraine’s energy sector has been deeply disrupted by the Russian Federation’s full-scale invasion. Once operating with a surplus, the power system now faces a deficit due to targeted attacks, shifting national priorities towards energy security and supply reliability. Hydrogen demand in traditional industries such as refining and ammonia production has collapsed by 80%, particularly in southern regions near the frontline. The broader economic impact is severe, with reconstruction costs estimated at over USD 0.5 trillion—three times the country’s GDP.

In response, Ukraine has a unique opportunity to rebuild a more secure and sustainable energy system. The use of low-emissions hydrogen in industrial applications could reduce greenhouse gas emissions while supporting the development of an export-oriented industrial base. This EU4Energy report outlines a long-term roadmap to unlock this potential, detailing actions across four pillars—physical assets, regulation, financing, and cross-cutting areas—over three time horizons spanning the next two to twenty years.