Fraction of negative hourly wholesale electricity prices in Europe in the first half of the year, 2019-2025

Sources

IEA (2025), Real-Time Electricity Tracker (data explorer).

Notes

In Spain, negative electricity prices on the day-ahead market were permitted in December 2023 following the implementation of updated rules on the operation of electricity markets. In Italy, negative prices were previously not allowed, but this changed in January 2025 with the implementation of the Testo Integrato del Dispacciamento Elettrico (TIDE) reform.