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Contributor
Laura Cozzi
Director, Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks. Laura Cozzi was appointed the International Energy Agency’s Director of Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks in 2023. She leads and co-ordinates the IEA’s work on energy sustainability, encompassing energy technology policy and climate change. She is also the Agency’s Chief Energy Modeller, and in this capacity co-leads the World Energy Outlook, the IEA’s flagship publication series.Ms Cozzi joined the IEA in 1999 as a junior analyst in the World Energy Outlook team. She has co-led many editions of the Outlook and led multiple special reports. Prior to joining the IEA, Ms Cozzi worked for the Italian energy company ENI S.p.A. She holds a Master’s degree in Environmental Engineering from the Polytechnic University of Milan and a Master’s degree in Energy and Environmental Economics from Eni Corporate University.Ms Cozzi was awarded an Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Cavaliere dell’ordine al merito della repubblica italiana) i...
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Fuel report
Sep 2025
The Implications of Oil and Gas Field Decline Rates Executive summary
Discussions on the future of oil and gas often overemphasise demand drivers and underappreciate supply drivers Debate over the future of oil and natural gas tends to focus on the outlook for demand, with much less consideration given to how the supply picture could develop. This asymmetry is misplaced and a thorough understanding of the rate at which production from existing oil and gas fields declines over time is more important than ever. The International Energy Agency (IEA) has long examined this issue. Decline rates – the annual rate at which production declines from an existing oil or gas field – underpin…
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Contributor
Luca Lo Re
International Climate and Energy Analyst. Luca Lo Re leads the IEA work in the OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group. With OECD colleagues, he produces papers to enhance the understanding of technical issues in international climate change negotiations and Paris Agreement implementation. In particular, his works focuses on international carbon markets (Art. 6 of the Paris Agreement). He also leads the organisation of the annual IEA-IETA-EPRI GHG Emissions Trading Workshop, and supports various works of the Agency related to Net Zero.
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Contributor
Joe Manchin
Senator and Chairman of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
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Data tool
28 Apr 2026
Reliance on Middle East Oil and Gas Supplies by Country
Compare selected countries’ reliance on oil and natural gas imports from the Middle East This interactive chart compares selected countries’ reliance on oil and natural gas imports from the Middle East. It shows both total import volumes and how significant those imports are relative to each country’s needs. Use the toggle above to switch between oil and gas. You can then sort countries by:Share: imports from the Middle East as a share of domestic consumption and exports in 2017 and 2024, with ...