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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Assessing the sustainable potential and cost of feedstocks for biogas and biomethane
Feedstock assessment This assessment considers over 30 types of feedstocks for biogases. They can be broadly grouped together as crop residues, animal manure, biowaste and woody biomass. We assess feedstocks that can be processed without direct competition with food for agricultural land or animal feed, and that do not have any other adverse sustainability impacts. Biogas and methane yields are key indicators of how suitable a feedstock is for energy production. Biogas yield refers to the total volume of gas produced from a feedstock through anaerobic digestion, primarily methane (CH₄) and CO₂. Methane yield, by contrast, accounts only for the…
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Sue-Ern Tan
Head of the IEA Regional Cooperation Centre. Sue-Ern Tan is the Head of the IEA Regional Cooperation Centre established in Singapore at the end of 2024. The Office is the first outside of the IEA’s Paris headquarters in its 50-year history and will provide policy guidance, technical assistance, training and capacity building across areas such as scaling-up the deployment of renewables and other clean energy technologies, increasing cross-border power trade, and improving access to finance for clean energy investment.Prior to joining the IEA, Ms Tan worked at Shell plc in senior climate and energy roles at Shell’s headquarters in London and The Hague and most recently in Singapore as the Head of Policy and Advocacy. Ms Tan practiced as a lawyer, worked as Ministerial adviser on energy in the Australian Government and was the Deputy CEO of a minerals trade association in Australia. She graduated from University of New South Wales in Australia with a Commerce and Law Degree and is an Eise...
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Darlain Edeme
Former Africa Energy Modeller.
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John W. H. Denton AO
Secretary General.
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Recovery and resilience plan - Sustainable road transport
…0.23 billion)- Bicycle funds for state and municipalities (DKK 0.52 billion) The total cost of the reforms and investments on green road transportation is 1.2 bn. DKK in 2021 increasing up to 2.9 bn. DKK in 2030, totalling DKK 21 billion over the period. The transport sector alone is one of the largest emitters of GHG in Denmark, responsible for 25% of national emissions. New technologies are utilised to reach a reduction in GHG by 2.1 Mt in 2030 and sets forth the ambition of having 1 m. Zero- and low-emission cars by 2030.
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Recognized certification schemes from RFNBO
Voluntary and national certification schemes ensure compliance with EU sustainability rules for biofuels, bioliquids, biomass fuels, and renewable hydrogen (RFNBOs). The European Commission adopted delegated acts on renewable electricity sourcing and emission savings methodology.
By May 2025, three voluntary schemes were approved: CertifHy, RedCert, and ISCC EU.
In April 2025, ISCC EU was used by DEKRA to certify:
Trailblazer project (Air Liquide, Germany)
Synthetic methanol plant (Kasso, Denmark)
Chlor-alkali plant (Rotterdam, Netherlands) -
Framework conditions to finance hydrogen infrastructure
Includes rules on regulated third-party access, no tariff exemptions, and a 10% capacity reserve for short-term contracts, along with principles for state risk hedging.
The government will fund export pipelines to Germany to support offshore wind development. In 2026, the TSO plans to allocate 80% of network capacity on a first-come, first-served basis, with 20% through auctions. Denmark is implementing a revenue cap and inter-temporal cost allocation model, to be in place by 2027. -
ReFuel Aviation
RefuelEU sets mandatory targets for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) use:
2% by 2025,
5% by 2030 (incl. 0.7% synthetic fuels),
rising to 63% by 2050 (incl. 28% synthetic fuels).
A support mechanism will use 20 million ETS allowances (2024–2030) to cover up to 95% of the price gap for RFNBOs. The Delegated Act on pricing methodology was under consultation in December 2024.
As of May 2025, only Denmark and Finland have adopted the legislation; 17 other EU countries plan to finalize it within the year. -
Directive 2009/28/EC on the Promotion of Electricity Produced from Renewable Energy Sources
…biomass, landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and biogases. The target is to achieve 22,1% of electricity produced from renewable energy and 12% of renewables in gross national energy consumption by 2010. It foresees an evaluation by the Commission of the compatibility of the national targets with these global indicative targets.The Directives RE targets for electricity for EU Member Countries:Belgium: 6% in 2010 (compared to 1,1% in 1997); Denmark 29% (8,7% in 1997); Germany 12,5% (4,5%); Greece 20,1% (8,6%); Spain 29,4% (19,9%); France 21% (15%); Ireland 13,2% (3…
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Power-to-X (PtX) Tender Pool
…the Danish Government established the PtX tender pool. The grant follows from an agreement that the Danish state entered into with the Netherlands in 2020 on statistical transfer of renewable energy shares to fulfil national obligations under the Renewable Energy Directive. The grant has accordingly been created to finance a PtX tender that aims to support industrialisation and scaling up of PtX production in Denmark and thereby reduce costs associated with green hydrogen production. The Danish government has earmarked DKK 11.1 million in 2024, DKK 65.9 million in 2025, approximately DKK 131.9 million annually in 2026-2034…