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Portugal 2026 Executive summary
Thanks to steady expansion of hydropower, wind power generation and solar photovoltaics (PV) in recent years, Portugal has one of the lowest carbon intensities of electricity generation among IEA Member countries. Portugal is entering a mid‑transition that requires managing two interconnected energy systems that are moving in opposite directions: one is based on renewables and electrification and must scale up rapidly; the other is a legacy fossil fuel system that must decline in an orderly way to avoid stranded assets and price shocks. Electricity is becoming the central pillar of energy security and the main driver of emissions reductions.Portugal…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Cost acceptability
Analysis of the costs of hydrogen in different end-uses enables identification of the maximum acceptable costs for hydrogen users, i.e. the maximum amount that can be spent on the hydrogen feedstock within a low-emissions pathway while maintaining the same total levelised cost of production as the incumbent pathway to produce the same commodity.This can enable policy makers and investors to identify sectors with both high maximum acceptable hydrogen costs and high potential volumes that can serve as lead markets for low-emissions hydrogen. Cost acceptability can be influenced by policies and depends on technologies, fuels and…
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The State of Energy Innovation 2025 Executive summary
Today’s energy technology landscape is highly dynamic. Innovations span a wide range of countries and technology areas, both emerging and established. These advances have implications for energy system planning and, ultimately, for the world economy. Whether incremental or disruptive, they are the products of government support, market expectations, finance, knowledge-sharing and accessible R&D and test facilities. It is testament to the efforts of energy innovators around the world that decision makers today can choose from a range of technology options to address strategic goals for all parts of the energy system. However, technological progress to tackle existing…
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Brazil 2025 Policy recommendations for Brazil
Energy and climate policy landscape 1. Ensure that PLANTE serves as a coherent, overarching plan for the national energy transition that achieves a sustainable and balanced economic and social transformation for Brazil.2. Review all government spending across energy sources to realign in support of PLANTE. People-centred clean energy transitions 3. Introduce an integrated people-centred framework for the energy transition.4. Implement whole-of-government energy transition workforce mapping and planning to ensure opportunities in local communities are optimised.15. Integrate electricity into the portfolio of options for clean cooking access for families. Investment and financing 6. Pursue…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Technology: Heat pumps
Global heat pump sales fell by about 2% in 2025. Sales in China and Japan were largely flat, while Europe saw a strong return of demand. Sales in the United States declined.In China, heat pump sales stayed broadly stable. Reversible air conditioners (used as primary heating equipment) make up about half the Chinese heat pump market, and while record-breaking sales of air conditioners supported strong demand in the first half the year, they fell sharply in the second half. Sales of air-to-water and hot water heat pumps, which make up the remainder of the market, remained…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Trade and infrastructure
Highlights Trade is a major driver of project announcements. Nearly 45% of low-emissions hydrogen from announced production projects is intended for export, exceeding 16 Mtpa H₂-eq by 2030 if all materialise. Yet export-oriented projects are less likely to reach the investment stage, with only 5% having done so. These projects tend to be large scale, lacking off-takers. More than half are in emerging and developing economies, where affordable capital and export infrastructure may be limited.Some governments are supporting the large-scale offtake of low-emissions hydrogen by providing funds for long-term premiums through competitive auctions. However…
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Transport
Transport
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Powering Ireland’s Energy Future Executive summary
Ireland faces strategic choices to align its energy, climate and socio-economic goals through 2035 Over the next decade, decision makers in Ireland will need to balance a range of trends and policy ambitions that have strong implications for the power sector. Ireland has set a range of policy goals spanning the next decade, from improving energy security by reducing its reliance on imported fossil fuels, to meeting its climate targets, expanding its housing stock, and supporting the growth of digital infrastructure such as data centres. These ambitions all have strong links to the country's power sector, with implications…
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Assessing emissions from LNG supply and abatement options
Drawing on the latest and best available data, this report provides a comprehensive estimate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across the global liquefied natural gas (LNG) supply chain, including from upstream production, processing, and pipeline transmission to liquefaction, shipping, and regasification. It also discusses the significant emissions reductions that are technically feasible with today’s technologies including through methane abatement, electrification using low-emissions power, process efficiency improvements, and the elimination of routine flaring, as well as carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) for managing the naturally-occurring CO2 from LNG supply. Introduction Around 550 billion cubic metres (bcm) of natural…
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George Kamiya
Former Energy Policy Analyst. George Kamiya leads the IEA’s analysis on the energy and climate impacts of digitalisation and works on modelling and policy aspects of other emerging topics, including critical minerals, cybersecurity, and new mobility services. He contributes to several IEA flagship reports including the World Energy Outlook, World Energy Investment, and Tracking Clean Energy Progress.
