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Global EV Outlook 2025 Electric vehicle batteries
Trends in battery demand Global battery demand for the energy sector hit the 1 TWh milestone in 2024 Electric cars remain the main driver of battery demand, but demand for trucks nearly doubledBattery demand in the energy sector, for both EV batteries and storage applications, reached the historical milestone of 1 TWh in 2024. Demand for one average week alone in 2024 exceeded the total demand for an entire year just a decade earlier. Demand was largely driven by growth in EV sales, as demand for EV batteries grew to over 950 GWh – 25% more than in 2023. Electric cars remain the…
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Key Questions on Energy and AI Executive summary
The AI and energy nexus continues to evolve rapidly The largest technology companies are contributing to a surge in data centre investment, as their capital expenditure exceeded USD 400 billion in 2025 – and is expected to jump by another 75% in 2026. Capital expenditure of just five technology companies is now larger than global investment in oil and natural gas production. Many jurisdictions are seeing project pipelines accelerate dramatically, although not all projects will come to fruition. Those that are moving forward are doing so at pace: the IEA’s unique satellite-based tracking shows that “artificial intelligence (AI) factories…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Current Policies Scenario (CPS)
The 2025 edition of the World Energy Outlook (WEO) reintroduces the Current Policies Scenario (CPS). It was a regular feature of the International Energy Agency suite of scenarios until the WEO-2020, when it was discontinued amid turmoil in energy markets and rapid changes in the policy landscape during the Covid-19 pandemic. Now that the world has passed through the pandemic and the global energy crisis triggered at the outset of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, there is merit in revisiting the CPS. The scenario relies only on measures that are formally written into existing legislation and regulation, and…
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What it would take to unlock the next phase of hydrogen growth
Can hydrogen scale up successfully Global hydrogen demand reached 100 Mt in 2024, mainly from refineries, the production of chemicals and the iron and steel sector. Demand grew by almost 2% from 2023, in line with overall energy demand growth. This consumption was almost completely met with hydrogen produced from unabated fossil fuels, using 290 billion cubic metres of natural gas and 90 million tonnes of coal equivalent. However, alternative technologies that can produce low-emissions hydrogen have attracted a lot of interest from governments given their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and diversify energy supply, particularly in countries that have a…
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National Environmental (Electrical/Electronic Sector) Regulations, 2022
These regulations seek to prevent and minimise pollution from operations and activities relating to electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) in Nigeria and adopt an extended producer responsibility framework. They govern both new and old EEE for their entire life cycle. Some key provisions of the regulations are set out below:As per the polluter pays principle, the collection, treatment, transportation and final disposal of wastes is the responsibility of the entity generating the wastes. Such entity is also held responsible for the cost of damage assessment, control, clean-up, remediation, and reclamation and/or restoration, as appropriate. Manufacturers, importers, distributors…
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Flare Gas (Prevention of Waste and Pollution) Regulations 2018
The regulation aims to reduce the environmental and social impact caused by the flaring of methane/natural gas in Nigeria. Sec. 2(1) gives the Federal Government ownership over associated gas at the flare, free of cost and without payment of royalty. [Note: This right is also set forth in Sec. 35(b)(i) of the Petroleum Act.] The government may then issue Permits to Access Flare Gas (Sec. 3(1)) to third parties incorporated in Nigeria (Sec. 8), through a competitive bid process. Access permits grant exclusive access to a flare site (Sec. 8). The permit holder must pay…
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Associated Gas Re-injection Act
Sec. 1 requires “every company producing oil and gas in Nigeria” to submit to the Minister of Petroleum Resources a plan to utilize all associated gas, or projects to re-inject all associated gas not utilized in an industrial project. Sec. 2 requires within 6 months (initially, was by 1 October 1980) submissions describing the implemented re-injection programs and/or plans for AG utilization.Sec. 3(1) prohibits the flaring of AG “without the permission in writing of the Minister.” Sec. 3(2) authorizes the Minister to issue a flaring certification “utilization or re-injection of the produced gas…
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National Energy Policy 2017 - Minimum Energy Performance Standards
The National Energy Policy 2017 sets the policy framework for the development of the energy sector in Nigeria. It notably includes the first minimum energy performance standard for selected appliances, including air conditioners.
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Gas Market Report, Q3-2025 Executive summary
Following a slowdown in 2025, global gas demand growth is forecast to accelerate in 2026 Global natural gas demand returned to structural growth in 2024 and continued to expand in the first half of 2025, albeit at a markedly slower pace. Growth was primarily concentrated in Europe and North America, with adverse weather leading to stronger gas use in the buildings and power sectors. In contrast, gas demand was subdued in Asia, with both China and India recording demand declines in the first half of 2025. Market fundamentals remained tight in the first half of 2025 due to a combination…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Air transport fuels
Jet fuel demand accounts for around 7% of global oil demand. Jet fuel markets look to be particularly vulnerable to an extended loss of Middle East production and exports, given limited flexibility elsewhere to increase output. 8. Avoid air travel where alternative options exist Description: Travel for work accounts for a large share (between 20% and 40%) of aviation activity. In many cases, travel for work can be temporarily substituted by virtual meetings. A reduction of around 40% of flights taken for work purposes is feasible in the short term, while maintaining productivity.Impact: Very high voluntary participation to work…
