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Global Energy and Climate Model Techno-economic inputs
…values provided); cost of fuel inputs; plus operation and maintenance. Economic lifetime assumptions are 25 years for solar PV, and onshore and offshore wind.Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) assumptions reflect market data and survey information provided through the Cost of Capital Observatory, with a range of 4-7% for utility-scale solar PV and onshore wind and 5-8% for offshore wind. A standard WACC was assumed for nuclear power, coal- and gas-fired power plants (8-9% based on the stage of economic development).The value-adjusted LCOE (VALCOE) is a metric for competitiveness for power gen...
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Renewables for Industry Executive summary
…important driver of decarbonisation across industrial sectors. It contributes to greater system flexibility, strengthens energy security by reducing dependence on fossil fuel imports, and fosters economic growth, industrialisation and employment. Low-temperature industrial heat and steam are ready for electrification, but market conditions are not yet in place Improving energy efficiency is the foundational step in preparing for the electrification of low-temperature heat and steam. Energy efficiency measures lower overall heat demand, reduce losses and thereby enable smaller, more cost-effective electrification solutions. In many industrial facilities, basic optimisation such as recovering and effectively using waste heat, improving insulation…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 An updated roadmap to Net Zero Emissions by 2050
…Key findings In 2021, the IEA published its report Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. However, in the short time since then much has changed. The global economy has rebounded from the Covid-19 pandemic, and the first global energy crisis has seen world energy prices touching record levels in many markets, bringing energy security concerns to the fore.In 2021, emissions rose by a record 1.9 Gt to reach 36.6 Gt, driven by extraordinarily rapid post-pandemic economic growth, slow progress in improving energy intensity, and a surge in coal demand even as renewables…
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International collaboration continues to power innovation in energy technologies
International collaboration continues to power innovation in energy technologies For 50 years, Technology Collaboration Programmes have played a crucial part in advancing international energy goals Throughout history, collaboration among researchers and experts across countries has been a motor of innovation in energy technologies. By advancing our understanding of energy fundamentals, improving the efficiency and quality of existing processes and materials, and supporting the development of frontier technologies that strengthen the energy security and sustainability, this coordination has accelerated progress and shed new light on the implications of innovative technologies around the world.An understanding that energy technology innovation can play…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Production
…any chance of being in operation by 2030 if investment decisions are not taken before the end of 2027.Electrolyser manufacturing is entering a consolidation phase, due to slow market development. China leads electrolysis manufacturing thanks to low costs and experience with large projects, but some signs of consolidation are also arising there, due to unsustainable domestic competition driven by excess capacity and offers below manufacturing costs. As a response, many manufacturers are looking to expand markets outside of China.In the near term, fossil-based production will remain less costly than renewable hydrogen in most parts of the world…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Electricity supply
…in the United States and declined by less than expected in the European Union. 2025 marked the first time in five decades that China and India saw simultaneous declines. In China, strong growth in renewable and nuclear generation, coupled with slower electricity demand growth than in 2024, helped drive coal‑fired output down. In India, coal use declined due to a rapid expansion of renewables and an early and strong monsoon, with renewables posting their largest‑ever annual increase. In the United States, higher natural gas prices compared with 2024, strong demand growth and slower coal plant retirements pushed coal‑fired generation higher…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Cost acceptability
…uses enables identification of the maximum acceptable costs for hydrogen users, i.e. the maximum amount that can be spent on the hydrogen feedstock within a low-emissions pathway while maintaining the same total levelised cost of production as the incumbent pathway to produce the same commodity.This can enable policy makers and investors to identify sectors with both high maximum acceptable hydrogen costs and high potential volumes that can serve as lead markets for low-emissions hydrogen. Cost acceptability can be influenced by policies and depends on technologies, fuels and cost structure.The factors with the most influence on…
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What Next for the Global Car Industry
…is moving at different speeds in different markets.At the same time, growth in car sales has shifted to emerging economies including China since the turn of the century, with around half of global sales now in these regions. Production has also grown unevenly in different regions, especially since the pandemic. China’s car output reached a record 27 million in 2024, when it also became the world’s largest car exporter.This IEA Special Report, released as part of the IEA’s Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) series, aims to provide technology and market insights to assist decision makers in…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Technology: Electric vehicles
…seek export markets. In India, annual sales of all EVs reached a new record of 2.3 million units as electric car sales increased by over 75%. Electric car sales in Southeast Asia more than doubled in 2025, driven by sales in Thailand and Viet Nam. One of Southeast Asia’s largest car markets – Indonesia – also added significantly to the growth, seeing its electric car sales rise by 125%. Electric car markets in Latin America and the Caribbean saw around 70% annual growth, reaching close to 350 000 units in 2025. Sales in Mexico more than tripled, while in Brazil they…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap Executive summary
More than 3 years of war in Ukraine have left their mark on the energy sector. In the power sector, nearly 80% of the thermal generation and about two-thirds of the hydropower capacity have been damaged or destroyed, leading to a power deficit equal to about one-third of peak demand. Hydrogen demand was nearly 1 Mtpa before the war, predominantly for ammonia production, with only about 40 ktpa from refining. However, assets have since been damaged or occupied and demand has plunged by almost 80%. Steel output, which represents a potential new application for hydrogen, has dropped by almost two-thirds…
