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Global EV Outlook 2026 Trends in electric cars
Electric car sales Electric car sales topped 20 million globally in 2025 One in four new cars sold worldwide was electric in 2025The electric car market reached new highs in 2025, growing by 20% from 2024 to exceed 20 million sales, in line with expectations in the 2025 edition of the Global EV Outlook. The sales share of electric cars in the overall car market increased to 25%. This marked the fifth consecutive year in which annual electric car sales increased by about 3.5 million, a trend that began in 2021 after the Covid‑19 pandemic. As a result, about 5% of the…
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Oil 2025 Executive summary
…air strikes between Israel and Iran started on 13 June 2025. With geopolitical and economic uncertainties affecting oil producers and consumers alike, oil supply security remains high on the international energy policy agenda. Oil markets are going through a fundamental transformation as the drivers of global oil supply and demand patterns shift. Over the past decade, oil market dynamics have been defined by the parallel growth in US oil supply and Chinese oil demand. From 2015 to 2024, the United States accounted for 90% of the increase in global supply, with the shale boom lifting US oil production by more…
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Cost of Capital Observatory Dashboard
Overview The dashboard is a free resource that provides data on the cost of capital focused on clean energy projects in emerging and developing economies. It also provides information of the main underlying risks perceived by investors and financiers in each country as well as case studies. We hope these resources will help drive policy changes that can lower financing costs in the parts of the world that most need it. For additional information on how to estimate the cost of capital, this IEA article highlights the importance of financing costs in the energy transition, defines what financing costs are (also commonly…
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Indicators Handbook for Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions Purpose and Development of the Handbook
…assessing impacts, and driving public and political support for clean energy transitions. When well designed and effectively used, indicators and evaluation tools can allow governments to:Track progress toward domestic and shared international goals, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Global Stocktake.Enhance public trust and reduce conflict by promoting transparency and accountability.Drive local support for clean energy transitions by making data visible and accessible to the public.Highlight the different benefits of clean energy developments, from health and gender equality outcomes to employment opportunities.Help monitor the social and economic impacts of energy transitions, including…
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Electricity Market Design Executive summary
…energy systems decentralise, and variable resources grow. Across major regions, these trends are increasing the complexity of real-time operations and reshaping investment dynamics. Short-term and seasonal flexibility needs are projected to grow faster than demand over the next decade, while electrification in many sectors is strengthening the dependence of households, businesses and industry on the reliable performance of electricity systems. These developments reinforce the importance of market arrangements that ensure efficient resource co-ordination while supporting stable long-term investment.Recent system stresses have underscored the importance of durable market design that can withstand a wide range of…
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Scaling Up Transition Finance Financial institutions and transition finance
…enabling mechanisms that support credible action even without full planning capacity.The role of transition finance could be reaffirmed to enable progress where decarbonisation is most difficult and urgent, engaging with real-world constraints rather than avoiding them. This implies the possibility of moving away from viewing transition finance as a “second tier” of green finance and positioning it as an equal “second pillar” of global financing for emissions reductions. Public and private actors could design supportive frameworks to scale transition investments, including the safeguards that can ensure that they make a lasting contribution to strengthen energy security and deliv...
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Scaling Up Transition Finance Executive Summary
…and sectors shift over time towards sustainable practices aligned with long-term climate and development goals. Transition finance faces complex definitional challenges, which have slowed its adoption. Nonetheless, it could play an essential role in global energy investments. Today, transition finance flows remain modest, but scenarios consistent with national or global emissions reduction targets suggest that USD 400-500 billion per year in transition finance could be mobilised over the next decade—equivalent to USD 4-5 trillion cumulatively. This is comparable in scale to the current global green bond market.With its focus on sectors where emissions are hard…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Overview of outlook for key minerals
…driven by declining ore quality, particularly in more mature markets such as copper. Expected supply from announced projects suggests improving supply-demand balances, with major exceptions for copper and lithium Based on the project pipeline in the base case, overall supplies of some key energy minerals are on track to meet projected demand under today’s policy settings in the STEPS. Copper and lithium are major exceptions where expected mined supply from announced projects falls short of projected demand in 2035, with implied deficits of 30% for copper and 40% for lithium in the STEPS. The supply gap for copper…
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Trends in other light-duty electric vehicles
…where 2/3Ws are widely used for daily transportation. Another year of receding electric two-wheeler sales in China masks steady growth elsewhere in Asia In China, falling sales of electric 2Ws in 2024 were the product of an overall decline in the 2W market, yet the country remains the world’s largest market for electric 2Ws. Electric models have accounted for more than half of 2W sales since 2020, with sales totalling about 7 million in 2024. Sluggishness in China’s 2W market reflects an increasing preference for cars for personal transport, and may also be a sign that consumers…
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Financing Electricity Access in Africa Pathway to universal access
…with financial support for households to reduce connection fees and increased community engagement to improve take-up rates once the grid arrives. However, decentralised solutions remain essential, especially for rural areas. Integrated energy planning and improved tendering approaches can help design impactful interventions, streamline processes, and thus unlock further capital.Private finance accounts for roughly 45% of spending under the ACCESS scenario, making up over half of spending in decentralised solutions but a slightly lower share in grids. The private sector already plays a key role in solar home systems (SHS) but faces obstacles in other sectors: many countries do…
