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Madagascar
Around a quarter of the population of Madagascar has access to electricity, and only 1.5% has access to clean cooking facilities. In 2019, Madagascar’s energy mix was dominated by biofuels and wastes (85%), with oil products (11%), coal and hydro accounting for the rest of the total energy supply. In 2020, less than 5% of the population had access to clean cooking and 27% had access to electricity. The Government of Madagascar has set a target of reaching 70% electricity access rate by 2030.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Chile 2050 Energy Transition Roadmap Executive summary
…IEA to assess what is needed to reduce energy-related emissions to reach net zero emission by 2050. It is based on the Announced Pledges Scenario (APS), in which Chile and all other countries meet their announced long-term net zero emissions targets.The energy sector accounts for three-quarters of total greenhouse gas emissions in Chile. Energy-related CO₂ emissions peaked in 2019 at 94 Mt and have since fallen by more than 20% to 72 Mt in 2024. Chile’s Framework Law on Climate Change (2022) enshrines a legally binding target of carbon neutrality by 2050, and i...
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Rare Earth Elements Executive summary
Rare earth elements have rapidly moved to the forefront of the energy and economic policy agenda Rare earth elements play a crucial role in a wide range of strategic applications, from energy, transport and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to aerospace, medical and defence systems. The wide range of applications, combined with highly concentrated supply chains, has elevated their importance in both energy and broader economic security discussions. Though relatively plentiful in the Earth’s crust, this set of 17 elements have garnered the label “rare” because economically viable concentrations are uncommon and they are seldom found in pure form. Their chemical…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case 4. TFC Solar PV project in South Africa
…CADFund) and local partner KONA Holdings Limited. The plant is designed as a captive power facility supplying electricity directly to the TFC smelter, which has long been owned by Samancor Chrome; Chinese SOE, Sinosteel, acquired a controlling stake in Samancor Chrome in 2022.Through a long-term PPA between the CGN’s project company and Samancor Chrome, the solar plant will provide dedicated clean electricity to the smelter, reducing dependence on the national grid and exposure to load shedding. The project will use solar PV modules and inverters from Chinese manufacturers. Northern International, a subsidiary of China’s Northern Industrial…
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Energy System Resilience Executive summary
…continue should disruptions occur.The resilience measures developed in Ukraine to bolster a system under extreme stress offer universal insights that transcend the specific context of armed conflict. The scale and systematic nature of Russian attacks on Ukraine's energy infrastructure – often compounded by severe winter conditions – represent a profound challenge. Since the onset of the full-scale invasion in 2022, Russia has exploited its detailed knowledge of Ukraine's energy system – inherited from the Soviet era – to strategically target critical nodes such as electrical substations. The resulting failure in these nodes disrupts connections to key generators and requires costly…
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Suriname
The Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Suriname to the Paris Agreement included commitments to improve sustainable forest management with the goal of enhancing the country's carbon sink potential, but no targets in terms of absolute or relative GHG emissions by 2030.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Gas Market Report, Q2-2026 Executive summary
…has profoundly distorted short-term market fundamentals and is altering the medium-term outlook for natural gas. The loss, for the time being, of almost 20% of global LNG supply has caused strong price volatility, driving up natural gas prices in both Asia and Europe to their highest levels since the 2022/23 energy crisis and prompting an adjustment in natural gas demand. In the Middle East, attacks on the region’s oil and gas infrastructure lowered gas supply availability for domestic markets. Furthermore, damage to LNG liquefaction infrastructure reduced the outlook for global LNG supply over the medium term…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for gaseous fuels
…MBtu) in the first-half of 2021 to over 30 USD/MBtu by December 2021. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 had a huge impact on an already fragile global gas balance. European Union efforts to fill gas storage ahead of the winter have run up against Russia’s strategic withholding of gas supply and the prospect of possible supply shortages bringing high levels of market volatility and exceptionally high prices. Europe’s TTF benchmark price saw peaks exceeding USD 90/MBtu in 2022, even as the European Union and its partners debate ways to reduce reliance on Russian…
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Angola
Angola is set to become the largest producer of crude oil in Southern Africa, yet has also set the foundation for the sustainable development of renewables, through investments and supportive measures. Angola has particularly strong hydropower generation potential that remains underutilised.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Finland
Finland has one of the most ambitious climate targets, a legal obligation to reach carbon neutrality by 2035. It is making progress towards this target and has one of the lowest levels of reliance on fossil fuels among IEA member countries. Finland’s forests, which historically offset significant greenhouse gas emissions, have become a net emissions source. A continued push towards the energy transition is needed, as imported fossil fuels still account for over one-third of energy supply and cover higher shares in transport and key industries.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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