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Global Energy Review 2025 CO2 Emissions
…across regions Emissions trends between regions diverged in 2024. CO2 emissions grew in emerging market and developing economies and international aviation and marine bunkers, outweighing reductions from advanced economies led by the European Union, Japan and the United States.In emerging market and developing economies, energy-related CO2 emissions increased by 1.5% (375 Mt CO2) in 2024, driven by rising energy demand associated with rapid economic and population growth. Emissions from coal rose by 2%, while natural gas emissions increased by 3.7% and oil emissions rose by 0.3%, reflecting the continued reliance on fossil fuels to meet…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 3 pages
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Executive summary
…As a result, fertiliser production costs have increased worldwide, as urea prices doubled between January and May 2026. These pressures have been compounded by rising natural gas prices and export restrictions imposed by major suppliers. Even modest reductions in fertiliser use can lead to declines in crop yields, posing risks to the food supply chain. The risk is particularly acute in import-dependent agricultural economies, such as Morocco, which meets all its demand for ammonia with imports, 40% of which come from the Middle East, or Brazil, Australia, South Africa and Thailand, which meet all their demand for urea with…
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Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels
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Global Energy Review 2026 CO2 emissions
…market and developing economies excluding China, emissions increased by 1.1%, significantly below the 2.2% average annual growth observed over the past five years, with India a major contributor to this slowdown. Emissions in India dipped in 2025, driven primarily by weather effects linked to an earlier and stronger monsoon cycle, alongside continued robust expansion of renewable energy capacity. Outside of China, annual emissions trends were largely driven by weather effects. In advanced economies, colder winter conditions boosted heating demand, increasing natural gas consumption in buildings and the power sector. By contrast, reduced cooling needs in many emerging markets…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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India’s electricity demand grows at night: Managing rising cooling demand
India cooling commentary As India’s cooling demand surges alongside solar power capacity, ensuring sufficient nighttime power capacity is key Power consumption in India is on the rise amid economic and population growth, as well as the growing use of air conditioning as more households purchase units and temperatures increase. Since 2019, the country’s electricity demand has increased by 5% per year. While electricity supply has kept pace, solar PV has accounted for two-thirds of power capacity additions in India since 2019. Against this backdrop, ensuring adequate power generation capacity during periods of peak demand is emerging as…
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Pakistan
In Pakistan, most of the primary energy supply comes from oil and natural gas. Hydropower is the main renewable source of energy in the country but wind and solar PV’s shares are slowly growing. More than 40 million people remain without access to electricity and half the population lack access to clean cooking facilities.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Transport
…more efficient vehicles, thereby significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Countries with regulations and/or efficiency-based purchase incentives in place improve efficiency on average 60% faster than countries without such policies. Information tools such as vehicle labels help inform consumers of a vehicle’s fuel economy and running cost savings. Labels can illustrate the benefits of choosing more efficient vehicles, while also increasing transparency about real-world fuel use. Another information tool is to promote fuel-efficient driving through training programmes.Incentives such as electric vehicle subsidies can drive the market towards more efficient and less polluting vehicles. Government support…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Current Policies Scenario (CPS)
The 2025 edition of the World Energy Outlook (WEO) reintroduces the Current Policies Scenario (CPS). It was a regular feature of the International Energy Agency suite of scenarios until the WEO-2020, when it was discontinued amid turmoil in energy markets and rapid changes in the policy landscape during the Covid-19 pandemic. Now that the world has passed through the pandemic and the global energy crisis triggered at the outset of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, there is merit in revisiting the CPS. The scenario relies only on measures that are formally written into existing legislation and regulation, and…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Introduction and context
…from around 20 million barrels per day (mb/d) before the conflict to a near standstill. With limited capacity to bypass the waterway and storage filling up, Gulf countries have cut oil production by at least 10 mb/d. In the absence of a rapid resumption of shipping flows, supply losses are set to increase.This loss of supply is having major impacts in global oil and gas markets, with both producers and consumers feeling the strain. Oil prices have risen sharply since the conflict began. While Brent has drawn most attention, benchmarks for Middle Eastern crudes and refined products…
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Cuba
Cuba’s energy supply mainly comes from oil products, accounting for over 80% of power generation.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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