-
China
China’s growing energy needs are increasingly met by renewables, natural gas and electricity. The scale of China’s future electricity demand and the challenge of decarbonising the power supply help explain why global investment in electricity overtook that of oil and gas for the first time in 2016, and why electricity security is moving firmly up the policy agenda. That said, cost reductions for renewables are not sufficient on their own to secure efficient decarbonisation or reliable supply.
Between 2019 and 2024, China will account for 40% of global renewable capacity expansion, driven by improved system integration, lower curtailment…- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
-
+ 5 pages
![China Flag]()
-
Switzerland
Switzerland has notably decoupled economic growth from energy use despite strong population growth. This trend should continue, and the energy efficiency first principle should be reflected in all climate and energy legislation. Reaching the 2050 net zero emissions target and addressing the growing winter electricity gap between demand and production requires an unprecedented volume of additional renewable generation capacity, especially wind and hydro. For this, the country needs to shorten the complex and extended administrative and legal permitting process. This will also help advancing investments in grid infrastructure to prepare for more decentralised and variable generation. Switzerland should also align…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
-
+ 5 pages
![Switzerland Flag]()
-
Luxembourg 2026
Energy Policy Review Government action plays a pivotal role in ensuring secure and sustainable energy transitions. Energy policy is critical not just for the energy sector but also for meeting environmental, economic and social goals. Governments need to respond to their country’s specific needs, adapt to regional contexts and help address global challenges. In this context, the International Energy Agency (IEA) conducts Energy Policy Reviews to support governments in developing more impactful energy and climate policies.This Energy Policy Review was prepared in partnership between the Government of Luxembourg and the IEA. It draws on the IEA’s extensive…
-
Decree 1827 K/30/MEM/2018 of 2018 - Guidelines for the Implementation of Good Mining Governance
…mining operations. It complements MEMR Regulation No. 26/2018 by detailing standard operating procedures (SOPs) for environmental management, safety, and operational oversight. The decree supports Indonesia’s broader goals of sustainable mining and environmental compliance.Key provisions include:Environmental Management:Tailing dams must be designed, built, and operated safely, preventing pollution of surface and groundwater.Tailing facilities must include emergency response systems and structural failure mitigation plans.Mine Waste and Overburden Handling:Prioritize refilling former mining pits to support mineral conservation.If overburden is stockpiled outside the mining site, it must follow a safe distance assessment from residential areas, public…
-
MEMR Regulation No. 25/2018 - Domestic Market Obligation (DMO)
…demand before exporting.The specific DMO levels (e.g., percentage of production allocated to domestic market) are not fixed in the regulation but are determined annually by the MEMR. MEMR may also regulate types and quantities of minerals required for domestic use.To implement these provisions:Annual MEMR decrees set DMO quotas and price caps (e.g., MEMR Decree No. 72.K/MB.01/MEM.B/2025 on the sale of metal minerals and coal). Export approvals are contingent on meeting DMO obligations.While not a price regulation, this policy is complementary to Indonesia's metal domestic price regulation policies.
-
Electricity Supply Business Plan (Rencana Umum Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik – “RUPTL”) 2016-2025
…45.7GW by Independent Power Producers (IPPs) and 16.6 GW stays un-allocated.
The RUPTL also plans for the 23% share from renewables (including Hydro, Geothermal and Solar resources) as set out by the 2014 National Energy Policy (NEP).
Indonesia plans to expand its generation capacity by 45% over the next decade. The private sector will contribute 57% of the total new capacity.
Planned power mix for 45.7GW allocated to IPPs is:
Coal: 25.2GW
Gas: 6.7GW
Hydro: 6.8GW
Geothermal: 5.1GW
Others: 1.9GW
The unallocated 16.6GW has the following power mix:
Coal: 1… -
Saudi Arabia - Vale-Minerals Agreement
…Manara Minerals, a joint venture between Ma’aden, a state owned company, and Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund, signed a binding agreement with Vale Base Metals Limited (VBM) for an equity interest of 10% at an enterprise implied value of US$26 billion. The partnership will expand VBM's copper and nickel production, and will allow Manara Minerals access to VBM mining projects in Canada, Brazil, and Indonesia. Therefore, Saudi Arabia will secure high purity minerals such as copper, nickel, and lithium, which are essential for the Kingdom's 2030 domestic manufacturing vision of electric vehicles, aluminum, and battery cells…
-
Critical Minerals Management and Strategy for Sustainable Environment in ASEAN
…emerges from the established ASEAN-Korea partnership and is funded through the ASEAN-Korea Cooperation Fund (AKCF). The initiative brings together multiple regional organisations, including the Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East & Southeast Asia (CCOP) and the Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources (KIGAM), with the Geological Agency of Indonesia serving as a key partner.The project encompasses several key components, including capacity-building workshops, training programmes, and database development. Implementation began in July 2024 with two inaugural workshops: a three-day Technical Workshop and a two-day Database Workshop. The initiative focuses on enhancing technical capabilities…
-
Environmental Protection and Management Law
…and 9). The Law specifies that Indonesia’s natural resources must be utilized in accordance with the National Plan (Article 12).The Law requires the Indonesian Government to develop economic instruments to protect the environment, including instruments such as environmental funding, guarantee funds for environmental restoration, tax incentives, and environmental taxes and levies (Articles 42 and 43).The Law also requires the Indonesian Government to conduct an inventory of Indonesia’s GHG emissions (Article 63). In addition, the Indonesian Government is also required to develop an environmental information system to support environmental protection (Article 62). Under the Law, any entity…
-
Energy Ministry Regulation No.10/2023
…Energy Ministry Regulations Nos. 7/2020 and 16/2021, governing the oversight of mining contracts, permits, workplans, budgets, and reports in Indonesia's mineral and coal mining sector. Key changes include:The duration of the Work-Plan and Budget-Plan (RKAB) is extended to three years, previously valid for one year.Immediate administrative sanctions are imposed for non-compliance, such as failing to submit the RKAB on time or exceeding agreed production capacity. This can lead to instant permit revocation, a process that previously required multiple steps.The evaluation process is now facilitated by an online application, e-RKAB.The…
